Human blood-brain barrier model derived from stem cells

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to a method for obtaining human brain-like endothelial cells by contacting a population of cells isolated from stem cells with a differentiation medium to obtain endothelial cells and co-culturing said endothelial cells with pericytes, with cells of the neurovascular unit or with a pericytes conditioned medium, to obtain brain-like endothelial cells. The present disclosure also relates to the use of the brain-like endothelial cells as an in vitro model of human blood-brain barrier and a kit for measuring blood-brain barrier permeability of a substance, comprising in vitro human endothelial cells.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a method to generate a population of endothelial cells showing a brain endothelial cells-like phenotype.

The present disclosure further relates to a population of endothelial cells, said cells showing phenotype similar to brain endothelial cells.

The present disclosure also relates to a stable and reproducible in vitro human brain-blood barrier model.

BACKGROUND

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) models can provide a valuable tool for studying mechanistic aspects related to the transport of drugs at the brain, as well as biological and pathological processes related to the BBB (Cecchelli, R., et al. Modelling of the blood-brain barrier in drug discovery and development; Nat Rev Drug Discov 6, 650-661 (2007)). Although several in vitro models were established using murine and bovine cells, the establishment of a stable human BBB model is very important to account for differences between species (Cecchelli, R., et al. Modelling of the blood-brain barrier in drug discovery and development; Nat Rev Drug Discov 6, 650-661 (2007)). Primary human brain endothelial cells (hBECs) and immortalized human cells have been used as in vitro models; however, several issues prevent their general use including constraints in obtaining human tissue, loss of hBEC phenotype during immortalized cell culture, or lack of important tight junctions and low TEER values as shown in human cell lines (Weksler, B. B., et al. Blood-brain barrier-specific properties of a human adult brain endothelial cell line. FASEB J 19, 1872-1874 (2005); Sano, Y., et al. Establishment of a new conditionally immortalized human brain microvascular endothelial cell line retaining an in vivo blood-brain barrier function. J Cell Physiol 225, 519-528 (2010)). Recently, hBECs have been differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); however, the low stability and high variability in the BBB system formed by different iPSC lines might preclude its general use (Lippmann, E. S., et al. Derivation of blood-brain barrier endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biotechnol (2012)).

For example, document WO/2006/056879 A1 relates to an immortalized human brain endothelial cell line that is useful as an in vitro model of the blood brain barrier. The document describes the generation of an immortalized human brain endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3). The cell line was derived from primary brain endothelial cells transfected with a lentiviral vector system leading to the production of telomerase and SV40 Large T antigen. The cell line retained morphological characteristics of primary brain endothelial cells and expressed specific brain endothelial markers and cell surface adhesion molecules. Furthermore, the cell line expressed chemokine receptors and ATP binding cassette (ABC)-transporters. However, the expression level of ABCA2, MDR1, MRP4, BCRP, GUT1, 4F2hc, MCT1 and insulin receptor is 4 times lower in hCMEC/D3 cell line than in human brain microvessels (Ohtsoki et al., Molecular Pharmaceutics 2013, 10(1), 289-296). Furthermore, the cells show deficiency in typical and important brain endothelial properties such as low TEER value and relative high permeability towards small tracer molecules indicating paracellular leakiness and suboptimal formation of tight junctions.

Document WO/2007/072953 A1 intends to provide a screening system for a drug which passes the blood-brain barrier and acts on the center, a drug which acts on the blood-brain barrier per se, or a drug which is not expected to act in the center but migrates into the brain. This in vitro BBB model is formed by a co-culture of primary brain endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes in a three-dimensional culture device. The invention is not related to the use of human brain endothelial cells and therefore does not take into account with inter-species differences in terms of metabolism and physiology. Furthermore, even if a human BBB model could be proposed, it requires the isolation of human brain endothelial cells from an autopsy tissue or freshly resected brain specimens derived from brain tumor or epilepsy patients. The issue here is that brain endotheial cells are not available in enough number for this purpose, and do not have the enough stability to act as a reliable in vitro BBB model.

Document US/2012/0015395 A1 describes a method for producing brain specific endothelial cells, preferably comprising the steps of growing human pluripotent stem cells inducing differentiation of the cells by culturing the cells in unconditioned medium, and further expanding the endothelial cells in endothelial cell medium, wherein the expanded cells are GLUT-1⁺, PECAM-1⁺, claudin-5⁺, occludin⁺, ZO-1⁺, and p-glycoprotein⁺. The invention also claimed a method comprising the step of co-culturing the cells with a cell type selected from the group of astrocytes, neural progenitor cells, and pericytes. The brain endothelial cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells yielded TEER with an average value of 860±260 Ωcm2 (Lippmann et. al., Nature Biotechnology 2012). Yet, the TEER values fluctuated over time. For example, the TEER values in a co-culture of brain endothelial cells with astrocytes changed 200% during the first 50 h. Furthermore, it is unclear the stability of the system overtime and its reproducibility.

Document WO/2007/140340 A2 related to methods for providing CD34+ cells from embryoid bodies and stimulating these cells to give rise to endothelial-like and/or smooth muscle-like cells. However, the object of the invention was not linked to the specification of the endothelial cells into brain endothelial cells.

SUMMARY Definitions

“CD34⁺ cells” refers to cells expressing CD34 antigen. This antigen is a single-chain transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in several cells including human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, vascular endothelial cells, embryonic fibroblasts and some cells in fetal and adult nervous tissue.

“Brain-like endothelial cells” refers to cells that share properties (gene, protein and functional) of fully functional brain endothelial cells, including the expression of at least one of the following markers, low density lipoprotein receptor, insulin receptor, leptin receptor, transferrin receptor, receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, retinol binding protein, SLC7A5, SLC2A1, SLC38A5, SLC16A1, ABCB1, ABCG2, ABCC1, ABCC2, ABCC4, ABCC5, claudin 1, claudin 3, ZO-1, occludin, JAM-A and claudin-5.

“Hematopoietic stem cells” refers to cells that can themselves or whose progeny can form myeloid, erythroid, and/or megakaryocyte colonies as described in Eaves, et al., Atlas of Human Hematopoietic Colonies, 1995, StemCell Technologies, Vancouver; Coutinho, et al, in Hematopoiesis: A Practical Approach, Testa, et al, eds., 1993, Oxford Univ. Press, NY, pp 75-106, and Kaufman, et al., PNAS, 2001, 98:10716-10721.

“Pericytes” refers to cells that express one of the following markers: vimentin, neuro-glial 2 (NG2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), cells that express one of the following markers: vi et al., Current Neurovascular Research 2011, Modelling the neurovascular unit and the BBB with the unique function of Pericytes).

In view of the drawbacks to the prior art, one of the problems was to develop an in vitro human BBB system that could be stable for more than 15 days and be reproducible for different stem cells and could be implemented in different laboratories. The system described is the first human in vitro BBB system with high reproducibility—evaluated in three different laboratories; and in stem cells collected from more than 4 different donors—and stable—more than 20 days. This has not ever been addressed by previous technologies described in the literature.

An aspect of disclosed subject matter relates to human brain-like endothelial cells wherein at least a portion of the cells express at least one of the following markers: ZO-1, occludin, JAM-A, claudin-5, claudin-3, claudin-1, preferably express ZO-1 and claudin-1.

In embodiments of the disclosure, the brain-like endothelial cells further express at least one of the following transporters or receptors: aminoacid—SLC7A5, SLC16A1, glucose—SLC2A1.

In embodiments of the disclosure, the brain-like endothelial cells further express a portion of at least one of the following molecules: CD40, VCAM-1.

Others embodiments of the disclosure, at least a portion of the brain-like endothelial cells express at least one of the following transcripts of key efflux transporters as P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein and multidrug resistance protein.

In others embodiments of the disclosure, at least a portion of the brain-like endothelial cells expresses at least one of the following genes up-regulated: SLC44A5, SLC25A27 the endothelial cells, SLC23A3.

In others embodiments of the disclosure, at least a portion of the brain-like endothelial cells further express at least one of the following markers: lipoprotein receptor, insulin receptor, leptin receptor, transferrin receptor, receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, retinol binding protein, SLC38A5, ABCB1, ABCG2, ABCC1, ABCC2, ABCC4, ABCC5.

In others embodiments of the disclosure, endothelial cells derived from stem cells, can be preferably from hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (CD34⁺ cells) derived from human cord blood, but can be extended to endothelial cells derived from hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells derived from human peripheral blood, or other type of endothelial cells.

A further aspect of the disclosure relates to a method of inducing a blood brain barrier phenotype in endothelial cells derived from stem cells, preferably from hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (CD34⁺ cells) derived from human cord blood, but can be extended to endothelial cells derived from hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells derived from human peripheral blood, or other type of endothelial cells.

An aspect of disclosed subject matter relates to a method for obtaining in vitro human brain-like endothelial cells comprising the following steps:

-   -   contacting a population of stem cells with a differentiation         medium to form endothelial cells;     -   co-culturing the said endothelial cells with pericytes or with         cells of the neurovascular unit or with a pericytes conditioned         medium, to obtain brain like endothelial cells, preferably         during at least 4 days, more preferably during 5-7 days, namely         5,6,7 days.

In others embodiments of the method for obtaining in vitro human brain-like endothelial cells wherein the said stem cells may be CD34+ derived from human cord blood, or cells from human peripheral blood.

In others embodiments of the a method for obtaining in vitro human brain-like endothelial cells wherein the cells are grown on solid support, preferably transwell systems or well plates. In preferred embodiments, the pericytes can be placed in the bottom of each plate.

In others embodiments of the method for obtaining in vitro human brain-like endothelial the differentiation medium may be EGM-2 medium with 20% (v/v) FBS and 50 ng/mL of VEGF165.

In others embodiments of the method for obtaining in vitro human brain-like endothelial cells the pericytes may express at least one of the following markers: vimentin, PDGF-β, NG-2, α-SMA; γ-GT.

In others embodiments of the method for obtaining in vitro human brain-like endothelial cells the pericytes may be seeded at a density of 40×10³-50×10³, preferably 45×10³ cells.

In others embodiments of the method, the pericytes might be replaced by a cell line that secrete Wnt3a or Wnt7a.

In others embodiments of the method for obtaining in vitro human brain-like endothelial cells the pericytes—conditioned medium (obtained from 45×10³ cells of pericytes cultured for 6 days in a well of a 12-well plate) may be replaced every day.

A further aspect of aspect of disclosed subject matter relates to a method for evaluating blood-brain barrier permeability of a substance, cell or protein comprising exposing the said test substance, cell or protein to the in vitro endothelial cells, said substance can be any synthetic or natural compound.

In others embodiments a method for evaluating blood-brain barrier permeability of a substance, cell or protein by the measurement of efflux transport, preferably in the presence or absence of inhibitors of the efflux pumps. Preferably, the inhibitors may be at least one of the following: cyclosporin-A, PSC-833, MK-571, KO-143, verapamil or elacridar.

A further aspect of aspect of disclosed subject matter relates to a method for evaluating blood-brain barrier metabolism of a test substance, cell or protein which comprises the following steps:

-   -   contacting a test substance, cell or protein to the brain         endothelial cells previously described;     -   analysing the metabolic degradation of the said test substance,         cell or protein.

In others embodiments of the method for evaluating blood-brain barrier toxicity of a test substance comprises the culturing the said brain endothelial cells in the presence of the said test substance.

The viability can be determined by a live/dead assay, preferably using calcein and propidium iodide as reagents, ATP production, cell membrane damage by the release of lactate dehydrogenase, cell replication by a BrdU assay.

Any changes in the BBB functionality (e.g: permeability to a non permeant marker) in vitro could be used as an alternative toxicological endpoint.

In others embodiments of the method for evaluating blood-brain barrier metabolism of a test substance comprises the culturing the said brain endothelial cells in the presence of the said test substance.

A further aspect of the disclosure relates to a kit for measuring blood-brain barrier permeability of a substance, comprising the in vitro human endothelial cells previously described.

In various embodiments, pericytes are preferably derived from bovine, but they can be isolated from any other species. They are characterized by a set of different markers including PDGF-β in other species. They are characterized by a set of different markers including PDGF-β isolated from endothelial cell culture, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and others that someone skilled in the art will identify. So far, there is no single marker that differentiates pericytes from other cells. In one embodiment, the pericytes are placed in the bottom of the plate, but they can be also applied in one of the sides of the transwell filter. In a preferable embodiment, the pericytes are seeded at a density of 45×10³ cells into each well of 12-well plates. The cells are cultured on Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 20% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mM L-glutamine, 50 g/mL gentamycin and 1 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor.

In a preferred embodiment, the pericytes are cultured in the presence of the endothelial cells to induce BBB properties. Conditioned medium obtained from pericytes might have the same inductive effect on endothelial cells if medium is replaced every day, and at suitable concentrations.

In one embodiment, the BBB properties of endothelial cells can be achieved by supplementing the culture medium with Wnt3a, Wnt7a or a mixture of Wnt3a and Wnt7a. In a preferable embodiment, the concentration of Wnt3a and Wnt7a is 6.25 ng/mL.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Without intent to limit the disclosure herein, this application presents attached drawings of illustrated embodiments for an easier understanding.

FIG. 1: Expression of BBB markers, stability and functional properties of a monolayer of human BLECs;

-   (A) BLECs were obtained by the co-culture of CD34+-derived ECs with     pericytes for 6 days in a Transwell™ system. -   (B-D) Paracellular permeability to lucifer yellow of EC monolayers     either cultured alone or with pericytes. Results are Mean±SEM (n≥4); -   (E) Expression of endothelial and BBB markers in BLECs as obtained     by immunofluorescence; -   (F) Electron micrographs of ECs cultured alone (2,3) or with     pericytes (1);     -   (1) In the intercellular cleft, WGA-HRP penetrates from the         luminal compartment (asterisks) to the tight junction, which         occludes the cleft (arrows). From this point, the intercellular         space is free of the electron-dense reaction product;     -   (2) When ECs are cultured alone, there is no occlusion of the         intercellular space between the ECs in 84% of the cases, and the         tracer penetrates from the luminal compartment (asterisks)         trough the entire intercellular cleft and is deposited in the         underlying matrix (arrowheads); -   (G) BLEC gene expression of tight junctions and influx transporters.     Results are Mean±SEM (n=3); -   (H) BLEC gene expression of efflux transporters and large molecule     receptors; -   (I) Expression of P-gp and RAGE as evaluated by immunofluorescence.     In E and I, bar corresponds to 50 μm. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

FIG. 2: Functional properties of BLECs and mechanism for the in the induction of BBB properties in CD34+-derived ECs;

-   (A) Effect of P-gp protein inhibition on active transport of drugs; -   (B) Efflux ratio of small (sucrose) and large (HSA and IgG)     molecules. In A and B: results±SEM (n=3-7); -   (C) Unbound brain-to-plasma or CSF-to-plasma concentration ratio's     for human and rat; -   (D) Expression of BBB markers as evaluated by whole genome     microarrays of monocultures or co-cultures of CD34+-derived ECs with     pericytes at day 3 and 6; -   (E) Effect of Wnt3a, Wnt7a and BIO in the expression of β-catenin     (after 1 day) as well as in the paracellular permeability (at days 1     and 5) of monocultures of CD34+-derived ECs. Results are Mean±SEM     (n=3-6). The dashed line represents the paracellular permeability of     ECs in co-culture with pericytes for 6 days. For permeability     results the concentrations of Wnt3a, Wnt7a and BIO were 6.25 ng/mL,     6.25 ng/mL, and 0.5 μM; -   (F) Expression and localization of claudin-1 (at day 6) and total     β-catenin (day 3) in monoculture of CD34+-derived ECs cultured in     medium supplemented with BIO (0.5 μM) or Wnt3a (6.25 ng/mL).     Arrow-heads indicate nuclear accumulation of β-catenin. Bar     corresponds to 50 μm. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

FIG. 3: Differentiation of human umbilical cord CD34+ cells into ECs and evaluation of their paracellular permeability;

-   (A) Schematic representation of the differentiation of hematopoietic     stem cells (CD34+CD45+CD31+KDR-vWF-CD14−) into ECs (2-3 weeks of     differentiation) and evaluation of their paracellular permeability     (Pe) using a Transwell™ system; -   (B) ECs immediately after differentiation (before culture in the     Transwell™ system) express typical EC markers including CD31,     VE-cadherin (VECAD), vWF and are able to incorporate AcLDL; -   (C) ECs after culture in the Transwell™ system have typical     cobblestone morphology, express vWF and markers associated to hBECs     such as claudin-5, ZO-1, and occludin; however, the expression of     all these markers is discontinuous and cells do not express     claudin-1 at cell-cell contacts. Bar corresponds to 50 μm; -   (D) Paracellular permeability of human ECs in monoculture and bovine     ECs in co-culture with astrocytes for 12 days.

FIG. 4: (A) Paracellular permeability of CD34+-derived ECs after co-culture with different types of cells in EGM-2 supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum FCS). Results are Mean±SEM (n=6); (B) Characterization of bovine pericytes by phase contrast and Immunocytochemistry for the expression of vimentin, neuro-glial 2 (NG2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFR-β), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Scale bar corresponds to 50 μm. CM stands for conditioned media; (C) The induction of BBB properties on CD34+-derived ECs requires the presence of pericytes in the co-culture system since pericyte-conditioned medium does not have the same BBB-inductive properties.

FIG. 5: (A) Double immunostaining for anti-human receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and anti-human organic cation/carnitine transporter (OCTN2; also known as SLC22A5) in monoculture(A.1) or in co-culture of CD34+-derived ECs with pericytes (A.2) at day 6. In the co-culture system, RAGE is present essentially in the luminal side of endothelial cells and OCTN2 in the abluminal side, while in mono-culture, both markers seem to be located in the same plane. Bar corresponds to 10 μm;

-   (B) Paracellular permeability in a co-culture of CD34+-derived ECs     with pericytes at day 6 obtained from different donors. Results are     Mean±SEM (n=4); -   (C) Interlaboratory reproducibility. The BBB was generated in two     different laboratories. The paracellular permeability to lucifer     yellow was not statistical significant. Results are Mean±SEM (n≥4); -   (D) Stability of the BBB properties after removal of the pericytes.     CD34+-derived ECs were in co-culture with pericytes for 14 days (1)     or in co-culture for 6 days and then 8 days in monoculture (2).

FIG. 6: (A) Transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of monocultures of CD34+-derived ECs or co-cultures of ECs with pericytes for 6 days. The TEER of the co-culture of ECs was compared with the gold standard of bovine brain microvascular endothelial cells co-cultured with bovine astrocytes for 12 days on insert filters 30 mm diameter. Values are Mean±SEM, n=4. ***P<0.001; ns means P>0.05; (B) Expression of adhesion molecules by ECs in co-culture with pericytes. The expression of the adhesion molecules was assessed by flow cytometry analysis on untreated and treated ECs by TNFα (10 ng/mL) for 24 h.

FIG. 7: (A-C) Western blot for the expression of Shh (A), Wnt7a (B), Wnt3a (C) and total R-catenin (D) in CD34+-derived ECs in monoculture (1) or in co-culture with pericytes (2), or pericytes in monoculture (3) or pericytes in co-culture with ECs (4), for 6 days. Human recombinant Wnt3a, Wnt7a and Shh were used as a positive control. Data shown are representative of n=2. In D: results±SEM, n=2.

FIG. 8: qRT-PCR results showing changes on Wnt signaling (A-C), tight junctions (D) and BBB transporters (E) genes on CD34+-derived ECs co-cultured with pericytes for 1,3 and 6 days. Values are Mean±SEM, n=4. Our results show that Wnt3a transcript increased significantly at day 1 followed by a decrease at day 6 to baseline levels. Genes of canonical Wnt ligands Wnt7a and Wnt7b, which have been reported to be involved in BBB development, increased slightly at day 1 and then decreased at day 3 to baseline levels. The expression of genes encoding Wnt receptor frizzled 4 (FZD4) and frizzled 6 (FZD6) were not affected by the co-culture system; however, Wnt receptor frizzled 7 (FZD7) was significantly up-regulated up to 6 days. The expression of LEF1, the β-catenin-associated transcription factor, peaked at day 1 matching the profile observed for Wnt3a and FZD7. The expression of APCDD1, an antagonist of Wnt signaling and highly expressed in adult brain endothelial cells, peaked at day 3, at the time that Wnt3a drops significantly. Finally, genes related to tight junctions such as claudin 1 and ZO-1 and the transporters SLC7A5 and SLC16A1 are upregulated overtime.

FIG. 9: Modulation of Wnt signaling activates the barrier properties of ECs in monoculture;

-   (A) Schematic representation of the methodology used to assess the     modulation of Wnt signaling. CD34+-derived ECs were seeded in a     Transwell™ insert coated with Matrigel at a density of 80,000 cells.     Wnt ligands were added in the culture medium at the basolateral     side; -   (B) qRT-PCR results showing differences in expression of claudin-1     and Lef1 genes on CD34+-derived ECs cultured with or without Wnt3a.     Values are Mean±SEM, n=4; -   (C-D) Paracellular permeability of untreated ECs or ECs treated with     different concentrations of human recombinant protein Wnt3a (C) or     Wnt7a (D) for 5 days. Results are Mean±SEM (n=4).

FIG. 10: Abrogation of Wnt signaling in ECs during co-culture with pericytes affect their paracellular permeability;

-   (A) Schematic representation of the methodology used to assess the     effect of abrogation of Wnt signaling. CD34+-derived ECs were seeded     in a Transwell™ insert coated with Matrigel at a density of 80,000     cells and cultured in medium supplemented with XAV 939 (0.1 and 1     μM). In the bottom of the Transwell™ was seeded 45,000 bovine     pericytes. After 4 days of coculture, the paracellular permeability     and cell organization were evaluated; -   (B) Fluorescence microscopy images showing the expression of ZO-1 in     untreated ECs or ECs treated with XAV 939 (1 μM) for 4 days; -   (C) Paracellular permeability of untreated ECs or ECs treated with     0.1 or 1 μM XAV939 for 4 days. Results are Mean±SEM (n=4).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the present disclosure is described a method to generate a human blood-brain barrier model using cord blood-derived hematopoietic stem cells. The cells were initially differentiated into endothelial cells followed by the induction of blood-brain barrier (BBB) properties by co-culture with pericytes. The brain-like endothelial cells (BLECs) express tight junctions and transporters typically observed in brain endothelium and maintain expression of most in vivo BBB properties for at least 20 days.

To differentiate stem cells into endothelial cells, CD34+CD45+CD31+KDR-vWF-CD14− cells isolated from cord blood were initially cultured for 15-20 days in EGM-2 medium with 20% (v/v) FBS and 50 ng/mL of VEGF165 (Supplementary FIG. 1A). At this stage, cells have a cobblestone-like morphology and express high levels of endothelial cells markers, including CD31, VE-cadherin and vWF (Supplementary FIG. 1B). When these cells were grown to confluence on filters for 6 days they show discontinuous expression of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-5, do not express claudin-1 at cell-cell contacts and have high permeability to Lucifer yellow (2.0×10-3 cm/min) as compared to bovine BECs (Supplementary FIGS. 1C and 1D).

To induce BBB properties in CD34+-derived endothelial cells, cells were seeded in a Transwell™ system and co-cultured with pericytes (FIG. 1A). Pericytes were selected after a screening of different cell types from the neurovascular unit (Supplementary FIGS. 2A and 2B) and because of their role in the stabilization/maturation of BBB (Armulik, A., et al. Pericytes regulate the blood-brain barrier. Nature 468, 557-561 (2010); Daneman, R., Zhou, L., Kebede, A. A. & Barres, B. A. Pericytes are required for blood-brain barrier integrity during embryogenesis. Nature 468, 562-566 (2010)). Under these conditions, the permeability of endothelial cells decreases during the first 3 days until it reaches a stationary phase at day 4 (FIG. 1B), maintaining its stability up to 20 days (FIG. 1C). At day 6, the cells had low permeability values (0.61×10-3 cm/min) similarly to the values found in other BBB models (Deli, M. A., et al. Permeability studies on in vitro blood-brain barrier models: physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Cell Mol Neurobiol 25, 59-127 (2005)) (FIG. 1D), they showed a continuous expression of ZO-1, occludin, JAM-A and claudin-5 at cell-cell contacts (FIG. 1E) and they were able to block the passage of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in contrast with monolayers of CD34+-derived endothelial cells where WGA-HRP reached the underlying matrix (FIG. 1F). Importantly, the induction of BBB properties in CD34+-derived endothelial cells is highly reproducible since similar permeability results were obtained for cells derived from multiple human donors (Supplementary FIG. 3B) and in 3 different laboratories (Supplementary FIG. 3C). Furthermore, the BBB properties of CD34+-derived endothelial cells are lost if the pericytes are removed from the co-culture system (Supplementary FIG. 3D) showing that the crosstalk between the two cells is important to maintain the BBB properties. Cells co-cultured with pericytes for 6 days express transcripts encoding tight junctions such as ZO-1 and claudin-1 higher than in endothelial cells in monoculture, while the expression of claudin-3 and occludin was similar (FIG. 1G). Importantly, the expression of influx transporters, specifically the expression of aminoacid (SLC7A5, SLC16A1) and glucose (SLC2A1) transporters and receptors (e.g. transferrin receptor; TFRC) was increased when the cells were co-cultured with pericytes relatively to cells cultured alone. In addition, endothelial cells co-cultured with pericytes for 6 days express transcripts of key efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance protein (MRP; subfamily of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters) family (FIG. 1H). As in hBECs, the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and P-gp protein were expressed as confirmed by immunofluorescence (FIG. 1I), being RAGE located at the luminal side of cells (Supplementary FIG. 3A). Overall, endothelial cells co-cultured with pericytes for 6 days have BBB properties at gene, protein and permeability levels, and from now on are named as brain endothelial-like cells (BLECs).

BLECs have the ability to act as an active barrier. The inhibition of P-gp protein by verapamil or elacridar, and the concomitant blocking of the active transport of drugs to outside the cell, it leads to a significant increase in the accumulation of the antitumor drug vincristine (FIG. 2A). This result demonstrates that P-gp is functionally active in BLECs. The higher efflux ratio of IgG as compared to human serum albumin shows receptor-mediated transport of macromolecules across the polarized monolayer (FIG. 2B). In addition, BLECs have the ability to form a monolayer that has a transendothelial electric resistance (TEER) similar to monolayers of bovine BECs (Supplementary FIG. 4A) and higher than monolayers of human hCMEC/D3 cell line (<40 Ωcm2) (Weksler, B. B., et al. Blood-brain barrier-specific properties of a human adult brain endothelial cell line. FASEB J 19, 1872-1874 (2005)). Moreover, BLECs express constitutively the adhesion molecule ICAM-2, typically found in hBECs (Bo, L., et al. Distribution of immunoglobulin superfamily members ICAM-1, -2, -3, and the beta 2 integrin LFA-1 in multiple sclerosis lesions. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 55, 1060-1072 (1996)), and show an up-regulation in the expression of ICAM-1, ICAM-2, CD40 and VECAM-1 after stimulation with 10 ng/mL TNF-α for 24 h, as hBECs (Weksler, B. B., et al. Blood-brain barrier-specific properties of a human adult brain endothelial cell line. FASEB J 19, 1872-1874 (2005) (Supplementary FIG. 4B). Finally, the in vitro ratio of concentrations of unbound drug in brain and plasma for atenolol, bupropion, rifampicin and verapamil were closer to the in vivo ratio of concentrations of unbound drugs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma reported in humans than in rats(Friden, M., Gupta, A., Antonsson, M., Bredberg, U. & Hammarlund-Udenaes, M. In vitro methods for estimating unbound drug concentrations in the brain interstitial and intracellular fluids. Drug Metab Dispos 35, 1711-1719 (2007)) (FIG. 2C). Together, these results indicate that brain-like endothelial cells can be used to predict accurately in humans the in vivo transport of drugs with different properties.

To study the induction of BBB properties in CD34+-derived endothelial cells, these cells cultured alone or with pericytes for 3 or 6 days were characterized by whole genome microarrays. Gene expression analyses at 6 days show that 84 and 2 genes are up- and down-regulated in CD34+-derived endothelial cells in co-culture, respectively, relatively to CD34+-derived endothelial cells in monoculture (Supplementary Tables 3 and 4). From the overall up-regulated genes, 3 genes were related with influx transporters including SLC44A5, SLC25A27 and SLC23A3, and 2 genes were related with Wnt signaling (Wnt inhibitory factor 1 and disheveled associated activator of morphogenesis (Cecchelli, R., et al. Modelling of the blood-brain barrier in drug discovery and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 6, 650-661 (2007)) (Daam 1)) (FIG. 2D). Yet, the expression of most markers associated to BBB (tight junctions and transporters) was not significantly different in CD34+-derived endothelial cells in monoculture and co-culture, which indicates that pericytes exert a discrete influence on endothelial BBB-specific genes. Gene expression on CD34+-derived endothelial cells in co-culture at day 6 and 3 was significantly different regarding BBB markers, specifically for efflux transporters including solute carrier family members SLC2A3, SLC6A6 and SLC47A1 (downregulated at day 6), and members SLC30A3, SLC26A10, SLC13A3 and SLC44A5 (upregulated at day 6) and non-BBB markers such as channels and extracellular matrix (Supplementary Tables 3 and 4). Together these results show that the induction process is a dynamic process affecting the expression of transporters, channels and extracellular matrix components.

Two major pathways regulating the formation of BBB are the canonical Wnt/wingless pathway acting via β-catenin stabilization and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway (Liebner, S., et al. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling controls development of the blood-brain barrier. J Cell Biol 183, 409-417 (2008); Alvarez, J. I., et al. The Hedgehog pathway promotes blood-brain barrier integrity and CNS immune quiescence. Science 334, 1727-1731 (2011); Daneman, R., et al. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is required for CNS, but not non-CNS, angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106, 641-646 (2009). Protein analyses show that pericytes do not express Shh but do express Wnt ligands such as Wnt3a and Wnt7a (Supplementary FIG. 5). By other hand, endothelial cells express at gene level Wnt receptors such as frizzled receptor 4, 6 and 7 (FZD4, FZD6 and FZD7), and in co-culture with pericytes, they show an up-regulation in the expression of Wnt3a and FZD7 receptor during the first day followed by a decrease in the next 5 days (Supplementary FIG. 6). This was accompanied by an increase of APCDD1, an antagonist of Wnt signaling, that peaked at day 3, and an increase of the tight junctions ZO-1 and claudin-1 (Supplementary FIG. 6). To determine whether the activation of Wnt is required for the induction of barrier properties in CD34+-derived endothelial cells, these cells were cultured alone for 5 days and then exposed them to Wnt ligands/agonists. Endothelial cells respond rapidly to BIO, a specific pharmacological inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) and thus an activator of Wnt signaling, or Wnt3a by increasing the expression of active β-catenin (FIG. 2E). The paracellular permeability of Wnt3a-treated endothelial cells to Lucifer Yellow was statistical lower (P<0.01, n=4) for short-term (1 day) and long-term (5 days) as compared to untreated cells (FIG. 2E and Supplementary FIG. 7). The effect of Wnt7a and BIO was only observed at day 5. During the induction process by Wnt 3a or BIO, there is an increase in the expression and nuclear localization of total β-catenin (FIG. 2F and Supplementary FIG. 5) and the localization of claudin-1 at the cell-cell contacts (FIG. 2F). The localization of claudin-1 at the periphery of the cells might explain the restrictive permeability of endothelial cells in co-culture with pericytes. Overall, results indicate that Wnt pathway contributes, at least in part, for the induction of BBB properties in CD34+-derived endothelial cells.

To further confirm the role of Wnt pathway in the induction of BBB properties, was abrogated the Wnt signaling in endothelial cells co-cultured with pericytes. Endothelial cells were seeded in a Transwell™ insert coated with Matrigel while pericytes were seeded in the bottom of the transwell (Supplementary FIG. 8). Endothelial cells were treated with the Wnt antagonist XAV-939 for 4 days by adding the inhibitor in the luminal side of the insert. The abrogation of Wnt pathway, in conditions that did not affect cell viability, increased the paracellular permeability of the endothelial monolayer to lucifer yellow. These results again indicate that Wnt signaling is required for the BBB properties in CD34+-derived endothelial cells co-cultured with pericytes.

In summary, was generated a human in vitro BBB model from endothelial cells derived from cord blood hematopoietic stem cells that is highly reproducible and stable for at least 20 days after its derivation. Is provided in vitro evidence for a role of pericytes in the induction of BBB formation through the canonical Wnt pathway. Due to the relative easy access to cord blood stem cells, this model can be adopted by the research community to improve the delivery of therapeutic agents into the central nervous compartment for the treatment of stroke, multiple sclerosis and brain tumors.

In one embodiment of the present disclosure can be used as a method to measure BBB permeability to a test substance. The test substance may be any synthetic or natural compound, with variable molecular weight and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity ratio. The method of the disclosure can measure passive diffusion or active transport, as appreciated by those skilled in the art. Efflux transport can be measured wherein measuring permeability values is performed in the presence or absence of inhibitors of the efflux pumps such as, but not limited to, cyclosporin-A, PSC-833, MK-571, KO-143. The methods of the present disclosure can also be used to measure blood brain barrier metabolism of a substance by measuring permeability values and profiling the metabolic degradation of compounds of interest as a function of time using quantitative analytical techniques such as high pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Test substances that prove to pass our BBB in vitro model may be further analyzed for their pharmacological profile.

In another embodiment, the in vitro BBB model of the present disclosure may be useful as a method for determining the toxicity of a test substance or vector towards the BBB. In this case, the method comprises the culture of the brain endothelial-like cells in the presence of the test substance and assessing its viability after a certain time. A range of concentrations of the test substance can be used to determine the IC50. Cell viability can be determined by a live/dead assay using calcein and propidium iodide as reagents, ATP production, cell membrane damage by the release of lactate dehydrogenase, cell replication by a BrdU assay.

In another embodiment, the in vitro BBB model can be used to design more effective vectors to target or delivery drugs into the brain. This might be useful for the treatment of vascular dysfunction in patients with Alzheimer's. Neudegeneration is likely a consequence of altered drug transport across the BBB and abnormal cerebral blood flow due to amyloid peptide deposition. Our in vitro BBB model can be very useful for testing drug candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer.

Isolation and Differentiation of CD34+ Cells from UCB

In a preferred embodiment CD34+ cells may be isolated from human umbilical cord blood and differentiated into endothelial cells according to a protocol previously reported by us (Pedroso, D. C., et al. Improved survival, vascular differentiation and wound healing potential of stem cells co-cultured with endothelial cells. PLoS One 6, e16114 (2011)) Briefly, isolated CD34+ cells were cultured in EGM-2 medium (preferably Lonza) supplemented with 20% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (preferably FBS; Life Technologies) and 50 ng/mL of VEGF165 (preferably PeproTech Inc.), on 1% gelatin-coated 24-well plates (2×10⁵ cells/well). After 15-20 days endothelial cells are seen in the culture dish. For each experiment, the cells were expanded in 1% (w/v) gelatin-coated 100 mm Petri dishes (preferably BD Falcon) in EGM-2 medium (with all the supplements except FBS and gentamycin/amphotericin) supplemented with 2% (v/v) FBS, 50 μg/mL gentamycin (preferably Biochrom AG) and 1 ng/mL home-made bFGF.

Differenciation of CD34+ Derived Endothelial Cells into Brain Like Endothelial Cells by Pericytes

Isolation of Pericytes

In a preferred embodiment pericytes may be extracted from freshly collected bovine brain capillaries. Brain capillaries were collected on a 60 μm nylon sieve (preferably Blutex®, Saati, France) as described by Meresse et al. (1989) and suspended in Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (preferably HBSS, Sigma-Aldrich) containing 10 mM HEPES and 0.1% BSA. This suspension was centrifuged at 1000 g for 7 min at room temperature. The pellet was then digested with 2 mg/mL collagenase-dispase (preferably Roche Diagnostics), 10 μg/mL DNaseI (preferably Roche Diagnostics) and 0.147 μg/mL TLCK (preferably Sigma-Aldrich), for 30 minutes at 37° C. in a shaking water bath. After washes, the digested capillaries were seeded onto growth factor reduced Matrigel (preferably BD Biosciences)-coated dishes (preferably Corning) containing pericyte growth culture medium: DMEM (preferably Life Technologies) supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum (preferably Integro), 2 mM L-glutamine (preferably Merck Chemicals), 50 μg/mL gentamicin (preferably Biochrom AG) and 1 ng/mL bFGF (preferably Sigma-Aldrich). The medium was changed every other day. Pericytes and endothelial cells migrated from the vessels walls. Pericytes rapidly overgrew from capillaries and invaded the whole surface of the dishes. Confluent cultures consisting almost exclusively of pericytes, were dissociated using trypsin/EDTA saline solution (preferably 0.05%/0.02% Biochrom AG), and cells were frozen in liquid nitrogen. For experiments, each pericyte vial was rapidly thawed and seeded in gelatin (preferably sigma-Aldrich)-coated 60-mm Petri dishes containing pericyte culture medium. After thawing, there were no endothelial cells left in cultures. Pericytes were subcultured at a split ratio 1/3, and were used at passages 3.

Co-Culture of CD34+ Derived Endothelial Cells with Pericytes.

In a preferred embodiment for co-culture experiments, pericytes may be initially seeded on 60-mm gelatin-coated petri dishes and cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) (preferably Life Technologies) supplemented with 20% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS) (preferably Life Technologies), 2 mM L-glutamine, 50 μg/mL gentamycin and 1 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). The cells reached confluency after 2 days. 45×10³ cells were seeded into each well of 12-well plates (preferably Costar). CD34+-endothelial cells growing on gelatin-coated 100 mm petri dishes in EGM-2 (with all the supplements except FBS and gentamycin/amphotericin) supplemented with 2% (v/v) FBS, 50 μg/mL gentamycin (preferably Biochrom AG) and 1 ng/mL home-made bFGF were trypsinized and cells were seeded at a density of 8×10⁴/insert onto the Matrigel-coated (preferably BD Biosciences) Transwell™ inserts (preferably Costar). After 6 days in co-culture, the experiments were carried out.

Reverse transcription and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. CD34+-endothelial cells cultured in different conditions were homogenized in Trizol reagent (preferably Life Technologies) and total RNA was extracted using the RNeasy Mini Kit (preferably Qiagen), according to manufacturer's instructions. In all cases, cDNA was prepared from 1 μg total RNA using Taqman Reverse transcription reagents (preferably Applied Biosystems). Non-quantitative RT-PCR was performed using the conditions described in Sano et al. (2010) and DNA migrated on a agarose gel electrophoresis (1.5%) with a low range DNA molecular weight marker (preferably Euromedex) to visualize the sizes. Gels were then stained with gel red nucleic acid gel stain (preferably Interchim) and visualized on a UV light transilluminator (preferably Bio-Rad). Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed using Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (preferably Applied Biosystems) and the detection was carried out in a 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System (preferably Applied Biosystems). Quantification of target genes was performed relatively to the reference GAPDH gene: relative expression=2[-(Ctsample-CtGADPH)]. Primer sequences are given as supporting information (Table S2).

Multidrug Resistance Accumulation Assay

In a preferred embodiment cell monolayers may be washed with pre-warmed HEPES-buffered Ringer's (RH) solution (NaCl 150 mM, KCl 5.2 mM, CaCl2) 2.2 mM, MgCl2 0.2 mM, NaHCO3 6 mM, Glucose 2.8 mM, HEPES 5 mM, water for injection). Cells were incubated with RH solution containing [3H]-vincristine sulphate at a final concentration of 66.5 nM with or without P-gp inhibitor (25 μM of verapamil (preferably Sigma) or 0.5 μM elicridar). After 2 h, Transwell™ filter with monolayer cells were placed on ice and the cells were washed five times with ice-cold HEPES-buffered Ringer's solution. Cells were then lysed with 1% (v/v) Triton X-100 in RH solution for 5 min at 37° C. and transferred to scintillation vials. Samples (100 μL) were diluted in liquid scintillation cocktail Ultima Gold M. V (preferably 4 mL, Perkin Elmer) and analyzed by a liquid scintillation analyzer, TRI-CARB 2100 TR (preferably Perkin Elmer).

Characterization of CD34+ Derived Brain Like Endothelial Cells

Ultrastructural Analysis of Cell Monolayers by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

In a preferred embodiment wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGAHRP) (preferably Sigma-Aldrich) was used for ultrastructural analysis of endothelial cells monolayers. Filter inserts with endothelial cells were transferred into plates containing 1.5 mL of HEPES-buffered Ringer's solution (150 mM NaCl, 5.2 mM KCl, 2.2 mM CaCl2), 0.2 mM MgCl2-6H2O, 6 mM NaHCO3, 5 mM HEPES, 2.8 mM glucose, pH 7.4) (lower compartment), and 0.5 mL of HEPES-buffered Ringer's solution supplemented with 0.1 mg/mL WGA-HRP was applied to the upper compartment. After 10 min incubation at 37° C. in a 5% CO2/95% air atmosphere, the WGA-HRP solution was removed and the specimens were washed twice with HEPES-buffered Ringer's solution and fixed for 1 h at room temperature with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 1% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate (pH 7.4). After washing with 0.1 M sodium cacodylate, the fixed endothelial cell monolayers were incubated for 30 min at room temperature with the HRP substrate 3, 3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (preferably 1.5 mg/mL; Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.02% H2O2 (v/v) in a TRIS-imidazol buffer (0.1 M imidazol, 0.05 M TRIS/HCl, pH 7.0). After washing with 0.1 M sodium cacodylate, cells were fixed again for 1 h at RT with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 1% paraformaldehyde in cacodylate buffer. Specimens were washed twice with 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer, postfixed with 1% OsO4 in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer. After dehydration in graded ethanol, samples were embedded in Epon 812. Ultrathin sections were cut on Ultracut UCT (preferably Leica), contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and examined with a Jeol 1011 TEM at an accelerating voltage of 100 Kv.

Microarray Studies

In a preferred embodiment CD34+-endothelial cells were cultured in monoculture or in co-culture with pericytes for 3 days and 6 days in the same culture conditions described in the CD34+-endothelial cells co-culture experiments section. At days 3 and 6, the CD34+-endothelial cells were homogenized in Trizol reagent (preferably Life Technologies) and the total amount of RNA was extracted with RNeasy Mini Kit (preferably Qiagen), according to manufacturer's instructions. RNA quality was assessed preferably by an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyser (G2943CA), using preferably an Agilent RNA 6000 Nano Kit (5067-1511). Gene expression was evaluated by a whole human genome (4×44K) microarray (preferably G4112F from Agilent Technologies). The microarrays were scanned preferably by an Agilent B Scanner (G2565BA). The raw data were analyzed using preferably BRB-ArrayTools v3.4.0 developed by Dr. Richard Simon and BRB-ArrayTools Development Team (Simon et al., 2007). This analysis generated a median normalized dataset that was subjected to a statistical study and clustering using preferably MeV software (Saeed et al., 2006). The differential expressed genes obtained from MeV were used to calculate the M-value and Fold-change variation. It was considered as differentially expressed gene a variation equal or higher than 2× between the different conditions.

Wnt Signaling Experiments

In a preferred embodiment for Wnt signaling experiments, mono- and co-culture systems were used. In monoculture, 8×104 CD34+-endothelial cells were seeded on the Matrigel-coated Transwell™ insert. The cells were then incubated with agonists/ligands (6.25 ng/mL-100 ng/mL Wnt3A (R&D Systems), 6.25 ng/mL-250 ng/mL Wnt7A (preferably Peprotech) or 0.5-5 μM BIO (Sigma)) for 1 or 5 days. Co-cultures were prepared as described before. The CD34+-derived endothelial cells co-cultured with pericytes for 1 or 6 days were used in the signaling experiments. Agonist (preferably 0.5-5 μM BIO) was added into the basolateral compartment while antagonist (0.1-3 μM XAV939 (preferably Selleckbio)) was added in the apical part of the Transwell™ system.

FACS Analysis

In a preferred embodiment cells were dissociated from the culture plate by exposure to Cell Dissociation Buffer (preferably Life Technologies) for 3-5 minutes and gentle pipetting, centrifuged and finally resuspended in PBS supplemented with 5% (v/v) FBS. The single cell suspensions were aliquoted (2.0′105 cells per condition), fixed with 4% (v/v) paraformaldehyde (PFA; EMS) or ice-cold absolute methanol and permeabilized with 0.1% (w/v) Triton X-100 (preferably Fluka) when necessary. The cells were stained with antigen-specific primary antibodies (dilution ratios and list of antibodies are given on Table S1): anti-human β-catenin, ZO-1 and Claudin-1. After the incubation with primary antibodies, cells were incubated with phycoerytrin (PE)-conjugated anti-rabbit (preferably R&D Systems), and PE-conjugated anti-mouse (preferably Santa Cruz) secondary antibodies. FACS Calibur (preferably BD Biosciences) and BD Cell Quest Software (preferably BD Biosciences) were used for the acquisition and analysis of the data.

Characterization of the CD34+ Derived Human In Vitro BBB Model

Endothelial Permeability (Pe) Measurements

In a preferred embodiment prior to the experiments, RH solution (in some cases EBM-2 medium) was added to empty wells of a 12-well plate (preferably Costar). Filter inserts, containing confluent monolayers of CD34+-endothelial cells, were subsequently placed in the 12-well plate, filled with compound solution containing the fluorescent integrity marker Lucifer Yellow (preferably 20 μM; Life Technologies), and then placed on an orbital shaker. After 1 h, filter inserts were withdrawn from the receiver compartment. Aliquots from the donor solution were taken at the beginning and at the end of the experiments and the fluorescence was quantified. At least three inserts with cells and three without cells were tested in each permeability measurement. Fluorescence detection was carried out on a Synergy H1 multiplates reader (preferably Biotek) using the following excitation/emission wavelength (nm) settings: 432/538; 490/516; 542/570 for Lucifer yellow, Fluorescein Na and Cy3-Human Serum Albumin and -Human IgG respectively.

To obtain a concentration-independent transport parameter, the clearance principle was used. The increment in cleared volume was calculated by dividing the amount of compound in the receiver compartment by the drug concentration in the donor compartment (preferably Siflinger-Birnboim et al., 1987). The volume cleared was plotted versus time and the slope estimated by linear regression analysis. The slope of the clearance curve with inserts alone and inserts with cells is equal to PSf and PSt, respectively, where PS (microliters/minute) is the permeability surface area (square centimeter) product. The PS-value for endothelial monolayer (PSe) was calculated. To generate the endothelial permeability coefficient, Pe (cm/min), the PSe value was divided by the surface area of the filter (A in cm2) insert using the following equation: Pe=[1/PSt □1/PSf]−1/A. To assess possible adsorption to plastics and non-specific binding to cells, the mass balance (%) was calculated from the amount of compound recovered in both compartments at the end of the experiment divided by the total amount added in the donor compartment at time zero. For Pe determination, mass balance value should be between 80% and 120%.

Immunostaining

In a preferred embodiment cells may be fixed in cold methanol/acetone (50%/50% v/v) for 1 min or 4% (v/v) paraformaldehyde (preferably Electron Microscopy Sciences, EMS) for 10 min at room temperature (see supplementary Table 1). After permeabilizing the cells with 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100 (preferably Sigma-Aldrich) for 5-10 min, whenever required, and blocking for 30 minutes with 1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution (preferably Sigma-Aldrich) or normal goat serum (preferably 10% (v/v), Sigma-Aldrich), the cells were incubated for 1 h with the primary monoclonal antibodies listed in Supplementary Table 1, at room temperature. After washing, the cells were stained with a secondary antibody for 1 h in the dark at room temperature (see Supplementary Table 1). In each immunofluorescence experiment, an isotype-matched IgG control was used. The nucleus of cells was stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (preferably DAPI; Sigma-Aldrich) or Hoescht reagent (preferably ICN Pharmaceuticals). Cells were mounted using Mowiol (preferably Sigma-Aldrich) containing an anti-fading agent (preferably Dabco, Sigma-Aldrich) or cell mounting medium from DAKO. Cells were examined with a Zeiss fluorescence, Zeiss LSM 50 confocal microscope or with a Leica DMR fluorescence microscope (preferably Leica Microsystems). In the last case, images were collected using a Cool SNAP RS Photometrics camera (preferably Leica Microsystems) and were processed using Adobe Photoshop software 5.5 (preferably Adobe systems).

Transendothelial Electrical Resistance (TEER)

In a preferred embodiment TEER (Ohm·cm²) of human endothelial cells on Transwell™ filters was measured using the Millicell-ERS (preferably Electrical Resistance System). The resistance of Matrigel-coated inserts was subtracted from the resistance obtained in the presence of the endothelial cultures according to the followed equation: TEER=[(TEER, cells)−(TEER, insert)×A], where A is the area of the filter (cm2).

In Vitro Free Brain/Plasma Ratios

In a preferred embodiment atenolol, bupropion, diazepam, rifampicin and verapamil (preferably AstraZeneca, Local Discovery Research Area CNS & Pain Control, Södertälje, Sweden) at 10 mM in DMSO.

Preparation of Rat Glial Cell Cultures

In a preferred embodiment primary cultures of glial cells may be isolated from newborn rat cerebral cortex (preferably Booher & Sensenbrenner, 1972). After the meninges have been cleaned off, the brain tissue was forced gently through a nylon sieve. DMEM supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS, 2 mM glutamine, and 50 μg/mL of gentamycin was used for the dissociation of cerebral tissue and development of glial cells. The glial cells were plated at a concentration of 5.5×10⁴ cells on 12-well plates. The medium was changed every second day. Three weeks after seeding, glial cultures were stabilized and composed of astrocytes (˜60%), oligodendrocytes and microglial cells (Descamps et al., 2003).

Prior experiments, rat glial cells were rinsed 3 times with HEPES-buffered Ringer's solution. 1.5 mL of RH solution was added to these receiver compartments. Inserts with human brain-like endothelial cells were also rinsed and placed in rat glial cell wells. 0.5 mL of tested drugs at 2 μM in HEPES-Buffered Ringer's solution with 0.5% human serum albumin was added to the donor compartment. After 1 h of incubation, aliquots from the donor and receiver compartment were taken and analyzed (see below). The in vitro free brain/plasma ratios (Cu,b/Cu,p) were calculated using the free drug concentration in the receiver compartment and in the donor compartment after 1 h. These experimental data were computed into the in vitro Cu, donor/Cu, receiver calculator (v0.1) (http://www.blue-norna.com) to generate in vitro steady-state Cu,br/Cu,pl ratios.

All samples were analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry. Instruments that were used included: Mass spectrometer, Quattro Premier XE (preferably Waters); autosampler, Acquity sample manager; UPLC pump, Acquity Binary solvent manager (preferably Waters); robot for sample preparation, Biomek FX (preferably Beckman-Coulter). The following chemicals and reagents were used: Ammonium acetate (preferably Merck), acetonitrile gradient grade (preferably Merck), Methanol gradient grade (preferably Merck), laboratory deionised water, further purified with a Milli-Q water purifying system and ammonium acetate 1 mol/L in Milli-Q water. Samples were stored in a freezer (−20° C.). In order to minimize contamination of analysis instruments, protein precipitation was carried out on samples containing HSA; aliquots of samples were transferred to a deep well plate (1 mL), precipitated with acetonitrile and centrifuged (4000 rpm at 4° C. for 20 min). The supernatant was then transferred to a new deep well plate and RH buffer added. For chromatography the following system was used: analytical column, acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 μm 2.1×30 mm (Waters); mobile phase A, 2% acetonitrile, 10 mM ammonium acetate and B, 80% acetonitrile in 10 mM ammonium acetate; gradient, 2% B for 0.2 min, 2-100% B in 0.3 min, held at 100% B for 0.2 min and returned to initial condition in one step; solvent delay 0.4 min, time between injections 1.5 min; flow rate 0.6 ml/min; loop: 10 μL; injection volume: 5-10 μL. The quantification of unknown samples was performed, using preferably QuanLynx software. Response factors were constructed by plotting peak area of the analyte against concentration of each analyte using an average response factor of the donor (DO/CO) sample injections. The average RF function without weighting was used.

Bidirectional Transport Assay

In a preferred embodiment sodium fluorescein 1 μM or Cy3-human serum albumin 500 nM or Cy3-human immunoglobulin G 100 nM (preferably Jackson ImmunoResearch) may applied on the apical or basolateral compartment of insert with endothelial cells. The opposite compartment was filled with RH solution. After 120 minutes, the fluorescence was quantified on a Synergy H1 multiplate reader (preferably Biotek) at an excitation/emission wavelength (nm) of 490/516 and 542/570 for sodium fluorescein and Cy3-human serum albumin/Cy3-human IgG, respectively. The efflux ratio was calculated using the equation: ER=(Papp,A>B)/Papp,B>A), where A>B and B>A denotes the transport direction in which Papp was determined. The apparent permeability coefficient (preferably Papp) in cm/sec was calculated according to the following equation: Papp=(k×Vr)/(A×60), where k is the transport rate (min−1) defined as the slope obtained by linear regression of cumulative fraction absorbed (FAcum) as a function of time (min), Vr is the volume in the receiver chamber (cm3), and A is the area of the filter (cm2). Determination of the cumulative fraction absorbed (amount permeated), FAcum, versus time. FAcum was calculated from the equation: FAcum=ΣCRi/CDi, where CRi was the receiver concentration at the end of the interval i and CDi was the donor concentration at the beginning of interval i.

TNF-α Experiments

In a preferred embodiment adhesion molecule expression by BLECs was determined by FACS. For these experiments, CD34+-ECs were cultured with pericytes for 6 days. After co-culture, Transwell™ s with BLEC monolayers were transferred to a new 12-well plate. BLECs were treated with 10 ng/mL TNF-α (preferably Peprotech) for 24 hours. Untreated BLECs were used as control. Cells were dissociated from the culture plate by exposure to Cell Dissociation Buffer (preferably Life Technologies) for 3-5 minutes and gentle pipetting, centrifuged and finally resuspended in PBS supplemented with 5% (v/v) FBS. The single cell suspensions were aliquoted (2.0′105 cells per condition) and incubated with primary antibodies against human CD40, ICAM1, ICAM2, VCAM1, PECAM1 (Table S1). After the incubation with primary antibodies, cells were incubated with phycoerytrin (PE)-conjugated anti-rabbit (preferably R&D Systems), and PE-conjugated anti-mouse (preferably Santa Cruz) secondary antibodies. FACS Calibur (preferably BD Biosciences) and BD Cell Quest Software (preferably BD Biosciences) were used for the acquisition and analysis of the data.

Western Blot Analysis

In a preferred embodiment total protein was isolated from CD34+-ECs and pericytes in mono-culture or co-culture preferably with RadioImmuno Precipitation Assay buffer [RIPA buffer; 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1% IGEPAL, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)] supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail (preferably Sigma-Aldrich), 1 mM sodium orthovanadate (preferably Sigma), 1 mM phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride (PMSF), 1 mM sodium fluoride (NaF) and 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT). The protein samples were centrifuged at 14,000 g for 15 min at 4° C., the supernatants were collected into a new eppendorf tubes and stored at −20° C. until use. 50 μg of total protein was separated by 8-12.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) under reducing conditions and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes using preferably the Trans-Blot® Turbo™ Transfer System (preferably Bio-Rad). After blocking for 1 h at room temperature with PBS-0.1% Tween® 20 (preferably Sigma)-5% low fat milk, the membranes were incubated overnight at 4° C. with antibodies against: Wnt3, Wnt7A, sonic hedgehog (Shh) (preferably all from Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit anti-R-Catenin total (Abcam) or α-tubulin (preferably Sigma) followed by incubation with specific secondary antibodies for 1 h at room temperature (Table S1). The protein bands were revealed using enhanced chemiofluorescence [(ECF); preferably GE Healthcare Life Sciences] reagent on the Biorad FX Molecular Imager (preferably Bio-Rad).

Statistical Analysis

In a preferred embodiment for analysis involving three or more groups, ANOVA was used, followed by a Bonferroni post test. For analysis of two groups, a paired t-test was used. Statistical analysis was performed using preferably GraphPad Prism software (preferably San Diego, Calif., USA). Results were considered significant when P≤0.05.

The disclosure is of course not in any way restricted to the embodiments described and a person with ordinary skill in the art will foresee many possibilities to modifications thereof without departing from the basic idea of the disclosure as defined in the appended claims.

The above described particular embodiments are obviously combinable. The following claims set out particular embodiments of the disclosure.

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 1 Antibodies used for immunofluorescence^(□), flow cytometry^(★) and Western blot^(∘). Antibody Dilution Reference Supplier Fixation Endothelial Rabbit anti- 1/200⁻ 71-500 Life Technologies 4% PFA cells occludin Rabbit anti-ZO1 1/200⁻ 61-7300 Life Technologies 4% PFA Rabbit anti- 1/100⁻ 34-1600 Life Technologies Methanol/acetone claudin5 Rabbit anti- 1/10⁻ 71-7800 Life Technologies 4% PFA claudin1, 3 Rabbit anti- 1/25⁻ Ab15098 Abcam 4% PFA⁻ claudin1 Mouse anti-JAM1 1/100⁻ 552147 Becton Dickinson Methanol/acetone Mouse anti-Pgp 1/10⁻ GTX23364 GeneTex 4% PFA Goat anti-RAGE 1/100⁻ Sc-8230 Santa Cruz 4% PFA Biotechnology Rabbit anti- 1/500^(∘) Sc-28824 Santa Cruz N/A Wnt3 Biotechnology Goat anti-Wnt7A 1/250^(∘) Sc-26361 Santa Cruz N/A Biotechnology Goat anti-Shh 1/250^(∘) Sc-1194 Santa Cruz N/A Biotechnology Rabbit anti- 1/50⁻ Sc-98373 Santa Cruz 4% PFA AHNAK Biotechnology Mouse anti- 1/50^(★, −) M0823 DAKO 4% PFA PECAM1 Mouse anti-VE- 1/50⁻ Sc-9989 Santa Cruz 4% PFA cadherin Biotechnology Mouse anti-von 1/50^(□) M0616 DAKO 4% PFA Willebrand Factor FITC mouse 1/50^(★) 551146 BD Biosciences N/A anti-CD106 (VCAM-1) Mouse anti-CD40 1/50^(★) Sc-65264 Santa Cruz N/A Biotechnology Mouse anti- 1/50^(★) Sc-107 Santa Cruz N/A ICAM1 Biotechnology Mouse anti- 1/50^(★) Sc-23935 Santa Cruz N/A ICAM2 Biotechnology Mouse anti- 1/300^(★) 05-665 Millipore 4% PFA active beta catenin Rabbit anti- 1/2000^(□), Ab6302 Abcam 4% PFA total beta 1/4000^(∘) catenin Rabbit Anti- 1/50^(□) Home-made It was kindly supplied 4% PFA OCTN2 antibody by Dr Nalecz KA, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland. Goat Anti-RAGE 1/100^(□) Sc-8230 Santa Cruz 4% PFA Biotechnology Mouse anti- 1/1000^(∘) T6199 Sigma N/A alpha tubulin Pericytes Rabbit anti- 1/100^(□) Ab51092 Abcam 4% PFA PDGFR-beta Rabbit anti- 1/200^(□) M0851 DAKO 4% PFA alpha SMA Rabbit anti-NG2 1/200^(□) Ab5320 Millipore 4% PFA Secondary Alexa Fluor 488 1/200^(□) A11034 Molecular Probes 4% PFA antibodies anti rabbit Alexa Fluor 568 1/200^(□) A11036 Molecular Probes 4% PFA anti rabbit Alexa Fluor 568 1/200^(□) A11031 Molecular Probes 4% PFA anti mouse Alexa Fluor 568 1/200^(□) A11057 Molecular Probes 4% PFA anti goat Cy3 anti mouse 1/100^(□) C2181 Sigma 4% PFA Phycoerythrin 1/20^(★) F0110 R&D Systems 4% PFA, Methanol anti rabbit Cy3 anti rabbit 1/100^(□) 111-165-144 Jackson Immunoresearch 4% PFA Phycoerythrin 1/100^(★) Sc-358926 Santa Cruz N/A anti mouse Biotechnology Alkaline 1/5000^(∘) RPN5781 GE Healthcare N/A phosphatase anti mouse Alkaline 1/5000^(∘) RPN5783 GE Healthcare N/A phosphatase anti rabbit Alkaline 1/3000^(∘) 705-055-003 Jackson Immunoresearch N/A phosphatase anti goat Other Hoechst 33258 4 mg/mL^(□) 190304 ICN 4% PFA reagents DAPI 2 μg/mL^(□) D9542 Sigma 4% PFA

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 2 Primers used for quantitative real time-PCR and non-quantitative PCR*. SEQ SEQ ID Forward ID Reverse Gene NO: sequence NO: sequence GAPDH 1 AGCCACATC 31 GTACTCAGC GCTCAGACA GCCAGCATC CC G CLDN-1 2 GAAAGACTA 32 GGTCCTAAT CGTGTGACA GTTAATGAT AGTATC CLDN-3 3 ATCACGTCG 33 TACACCTTG CAGAACATC CACTGCATC TG CLDN-5 4 TTAACAGAC 34 AAGCGAAAT GGAATGAAG CCTCAGTCT TT OCLDN 5 TTCTGGATC 35 CCACAACAC TCTATATGG AGTAGTGAT TTCA AC ZO-1 6 CCTGAACCA 36 AATCTTCTC GTATCTGAT ACTCCTTCT AA G SLC6A8 7 TGAGAGAAT 37 TAGGGCTCA GAGATTTCT CAGGGATGG GCTTGT SLC3A2 8 TTGGCTCCA 38 GAGTAAGGT AGGAAGATT CCAGAATGA CA SLC2A1 9 GAGACACTT 39 GCTTTGTAG GCCTTCTTC TTCATAGTT CG SLC7A5 10 TTGACACCA 40 GTAGCAATG CTAAGATGA AGGTTCCAA T SLC7A1 11 CCTCCTGAG 41 CTGGAATAT ACATCTTTG GACGGGAAG SLC16A1 12 ACACAAAGC 42 ACAGAATCC CAATAAGAC AACATAGGT A TFRC 13 ATGCTGACA 43 CCAAGTAGC ATAACACAA CAATCATAA WNT3A 14 ATCCTCTGC 44 TTCGTCTAA CTCAAATTC CTCCGTTGG T WNT7A 15 CGGGAGATC 45 CGTGGCACT AAGCAGAAT TACATTCCA G G WNT7B 16 GCTTCGTCA 46 GGAGTGGAT AGTGCAACA GTGCAAAAT G FZD4 17 TACCTCACA 47 GGCTGTATA AAACCCCCA AGCCAGCAT TCC CAT FZD6 18 TCGTCAGTA 48 CCCATTCTG CCATATCCC TGCATGTCT ATG TTT FZD7 19 GATGATAAC 49 AACAAAGCA GGCGATGTG GCCACCGCA A GAC APCDD1 20 GGAGTCACA 50 CCTGACCTT GTGCCATCA ACTTCACAG CAT CCT LEF1 21 AAGGAACAC 51 TTTGGAACT TGACATCAA TGGCTCTTG TT P-GP* 22 GCCTGGCAG 52 CAGACAGCA CTGGAAGAC GCTGACAGT AAATACACA CCAAGAAC AAATT AGGACT BCRP* 23 TGGCTGTCA 53 GCCACGTGA TGGCTTCAG TTCTTCCAC TA AA MRP1* 24 ACCAAGACG 54 CTGTCTGGG TATCAGGTG CATCCAGGA GCC T MRP2* 25 CCAATCTAC 55 AGATCCAGC TCTCACTTC TCAGGTCGG AGCGAGA TACC MRP4* 26 AAGTGAACA 56 CCGGAGCTT ACCTCCAGT TCAGAATTG TCCA AC MRP5* 27 AGTGGCACT 57 TTGTTCTCT GTCAGATCA GCAGCAGCA AATT AAC hTRF* 28 CTGCTATGG 58 CCGACAACT GACTATTGC TTCTCTTCA TGTG GGTC RAGE* 29 CTCGAATGG 59 CTGGTAGTT AAACTGAAC AGACTTGGT AC CTC LRP1* 30 GCATCCTGA 60 GCCAATGAG TCGAGCACC GTAGCTGGT TG GG

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 3 Down-regulated genes in the microarray. Unique ID Target ID Gene Symbol Gene Name M Value Co-culture 6 days versus Mono-culture 6 days A_23_P328740 BC012317 LINCR likely ortholog of mouse lung-inducible −2.3787753 Neutralized-related C3HC4 RING domain protein A_24_P659122 AK125790 LOC401357 hypothetical LOC401357 −2.383352 Co-culture 6 days versus Co-culture 3 days A_23_P259314 NM_001008 RPS4Y1 ribosomal protein S4, Y-linked 1″ −12.6156694 A_23_P324384 NM_001039567 RPS4Y2 ribosomal protein S4, Y-linked 2 −11.6134898 A_23_P254944 NM_000853 GSTT1 glutathione S-transferase theta 1 −9.3861013 A_23_P217797 AF000984 DDX3Y DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 3, −8.8324792 Y-linked″ A_23_P73848 NR_001544 CYorf14 chromosome Y open reading frame 14 −6.8855352 A_24_P325205 NM_003471 KCNAB1 potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker- −6.6730979 related subfamily, beta member 1″ A_23_P364792 NM_001005852 CYorf15A chromosome Y open reading frame 15A −6.5728944 A_24_P237511 NM_004681 EIF1AY eukaryotic translation initiation factor −6.5474298 1A, Y-linked″ A_23_P121441 NM_014893 NLGN4Y neuroligin 4, Y-linked″ −6.5044705 A_23_P152002 NM_004049 BCL2A1 BCL2-related protein A1 −6.238545 A_23 P113613 NM_022842 CDCP1 CUB domain containing protein 1 −6.0755863 A_23_P44494 NM_003471 KCNAB1 potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker- −6.025817 related subfamily, beta member 1″ A_23_P149345 NM_015967 PTPN22 protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor −5.8213383 type 22 (lymphoid)″ A_24_P319001 NM_000853 GSTT1 glutathione S-transferase theta 1 −5.7133297 A_24 P182929 NM_003471 KCNAB1 potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker- −5.677885 related subfamily, beta member 1″ A_23_P33903 NM_014893 NLGN4Y neuroligin 4, Y-linked″ −5.4683848 A_24_P942743 NM_003411 ZFY zinc finger protein, Y-linked −5.3774487 A_23_P139881 NM_001759 CCND2 cyclin D2 −5.3197285 A_23_P150457 NM_006691 LYVE1 lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan −5.106593 receptor 1 A_23_P400449 NM_020927 VAT1L vesicle amine transport protein 1 homolog −5.0158587 (T. californica)-like A_24_P306443 NM_001033515 LOC100132288 hypothetical protein LOC100132288 −5.0061309 A_23_P383009 NM_000599 IGFBP5 insulin-like growth factor binding protein −4.994765 5 A_23_P80570 NM_001086 AADAC arylacetamide deacetylase (esterase) −4.8682788 A_23_P138524 NM_198148 CPXM2 carboxypeptidase X (M14 family), member 2″ −4.849019 A_23_P56505 NM_000885 ITGA4 integrin, alpha 4 (antigen CD49D, alpha 4 −4.6922746 subunit of VLA-4 receptor)″ A_32_P231179 NM_144705 TEKT4 tektin 4 −4.66489 A_23_P96658 ENST00000382832 CYorf15B chromosome Y open reading frame 15B −4.6436677 A_23_P66798 NM_002276 KRT19 keratin 19 −4.519458 A_24_P160401 NM_178181 CDCP1 CUB domain containing protein 1 −4.4753457 A_24_P216625 NR_001544 CYorf14 chromosome Y open reading frame 14 −4.4421405 A_23_P314755 NM_003155 STC1 stanniocalcin 1 −4.3293859 A_23_P1682 NM_138788 TMEM45B transmembrane protein 45B −4.2804522 A_24 P49260 NM_018327 SPTLC3 serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain −4.2327729 base subunit 3 A_23_P74609 NM_015714 G0S2 G0/G1switch 2 −4.173994 A_23_P89871 NM_018355 ZNF415 zinc finger protein 415 −4.1417134 A_32 P224302 NM_003436 ZNF135 zinc finger protein 135 −4.0770383 A_32_P94199 BC068588 LOC653071 similar to CG32820-PA, isoform A −4.021826 A_24_P307993 BC035312 CYorf15B chromosome Y open reading frame 15B −3.9682909 A_23_P121987 NM_033035 TSLP thymic stromal lymphopoietin −3.9430309 A_23_P201181 NM_012411 PTPN22 protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor −3.9010589 type 22 (lymphoid)″ A_32_P55840 ENST00000377186 LOC730405 hypothetical protein LOC730405 −3.862708 A_24_P245379 NM_002575 SERPINB2 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B −3.852809 (ovalbumin), member 2″ A_23_P4953 NM_018215 PNMAL1 PNMA-like 1 −3.8066147 A_23_P421664 NM_006366 CAP2 CAP, adenylate cyclase-associated protein, −3.709496 2 (yeast)″ A_23_P419714 NM_001018072 BTBD11 BTB (POZ) domain containing 11 −3.6847212 A_23_P329835 NM_007125 UTY ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide −3.674434 repeat gene, Y-linked″ A_24_P389415 NM_007257 PNMA2 paraneoplastic antigen MA2 −3.635188 A_23_P371039 NM_002531 NTSR1 neurotensin receptor 1 (high affinity) −3.5936048 A_23_P361448 NM_144665 SESN3 sestrin 3 −3.5924191 A_32_P34844 NM_199355 ADAMTS18 ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin −3.567005 type 1 motif, 18″ A_24 P296808 NM_018215 PNMAL1 PNMA-like 1 −3.5341394 A_23_P422911 NM_153456 HS6ST3 heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase 3 −3.5049952 A_32_P114003 NR_024360 LOC100192378 hypothetical LOC100192378 −3.4973402 A_23_P166109 NM_198391 FLRT3 fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane −3.461738 protein 3 A_23_P348227 NM_003436 ZNF135 zinc finger protein 135 −3.4533736 A_23_P350001 NM_000855 GUCY1A2 guanylate cyclase 1, soluble, alpha 2″ −3.4059908 A_23_P420863 NM_022162 NOD2 nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain −3.3981624 containing 2 A_23_P353865 AB041269 KRT19P2 keratin 19 pseudogene 2 −3.4018255 A_23_P64539 NM_000559 HBG1 hemoglobin, gamma A″ −3.3592979 A_23_P97402 NM_020439 CAMK1G calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein −3.3406473 kinase 1G A_23_P15004 NM_199355 ADAMTS18 ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin −3.338263 type 1 motif, 18″ A_23_P117104 NM_001651 AQP5 aquaporin 5 −3.320025 A_23_P137238 NM_004653 JARID1D jumonji, AT rich interactive domain 1D″ −3.27148 A_32_P80245 NM_001109809 ZFP57 zinc finger protein 57 homolog (mouse) −3.2573022 A_23_P395438 NM_053044 HTRA3 HtrA serine peptidase 3 −3.230038 A_23_P217379 NM_033641 COL4A6 collagen, type IV, alpha 6″ −3.206919 A_32_P181222 NM_002247 KCNMA1 potassium large conductance calcium- −3.1611311 activated channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1″ A_23_P53137 NM_000559 HBG1 hemoglobin, gamma A″ −3.1572033 A_23_P154037 NM_001159 AOX1 aldehyde oxidase 1 −3.156966 A_23_P112698 NM_007257 PNMA2 paraneoplastic antigen MA2 −3.1515593 A_23_P49376 NM_000078 CETP cholesteryl ester transfer protein, −3.1096273 plasma″ A_23_P378555 NM_152615 PARP15 poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, −3.0923947 member 15 A_23_P160004 NM_182660 UTY ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide −3.086247 repeat gene, Y-linked″ A_23_P318881 NM_170601 SIAE sialic acid acetylesterase −3.074874 A_23_P112482 NM_004925 AQP3 aquaporin 3 (Gill blood group) −3.0721986 A_23_P434398 NM_153235 TXLNB taxilin beta −3.023871 A_23_P48414 NM_003914 CCNA1 cyclin A1 −3.0115854 A_23_P369899 NM_015444 TMEM158 transmembrane protein 158 −3.0086165 A_24_P39919 NM_023926 ZSCAN18 zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 18 −3.002447 A_23_P69171 NM_033050 SUCNR1 succinate receptor 1 −3.0015972 A_32_P100830 NM_153209 KIF19 kinesin family member 19 −2.9953816 A_24_P917819 DQ179139 C21orf99 chromosome 21 open reading frame 99 −2.9928046 A_24_P290709 CR593166 TOM1L1 target of myb1 (chicken)-like 1 −2.990506 A_23_P10542 NM_053044 HTRA3 HtrA serine peptidase 3 −2.9631009 A_32_P215700 NM_181643 C1orf88 chromosome 1 open reading frame 88 −2.9483571 A_24_P339429 NM_021012 KCNJ12 potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, −2.945337 subfamily J, member 12″ A_23_P84063 NM_016522 NTM neurotrimin −2.939568 A_32_P83098 NM_000336 SCNN1B sodium channel, nonvoltage-gated 1, beta″ −2.9331773 A_23_P57658 NM_020386 HRASLS HRAS-like suppressor −2.909311 A_23_P114084 NM_000444 PHEX phosphate regulating endopeptidase −2.887279 homolog, X-linked″ A_23_P39550 NM_030923 TMEM163 transmembrane protein 163 −2.8791509 A_23_P153185 NM_002575 SERPINB2 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade B −2.873689 (ovalbumin), member 2″ A_23_P404016 BC026362 KIF19 kinesin family member 19 −2.8724893 A_23_P136116 NM_001004320 TMEM195 transmembrane protein 195 −2.8718006 A_32_P68103 NM_012409 PRND prion protein 2 (dublet) −2.8585701 A_24_P66233 NR_001543 TTTY14 testis-specific transcript, Y-linked 14″ −2.8562426 A_32_P204795 ENST00000299997 LOC100128252 similar to MGC9913 protein −2.8463146 A_23_P28948 NM_014012 REM1 RAS (RAD and GEM)-like GTP-binding 1 −2.846291 A_23_P324754 NM_018689 KIAA1199 KIAA1199 −2.8399187 A_23_P144746 NM_182594 ZNF454 zinc finger protein 454 −2.8371706 A_23_P106405 NM_002487 NDN necdin homolog (mouse) −2.834055 A_23_P118493 NM_005486 TOM1L1 target of myb1 (chicken)-like 1 −2.8302737 A_23_P54100 NM_001437 ESR2 estrogen receptor 2 (ER beta) −2.8253245 A_23_P361085 NR_003038 SNHG5 small nucleolar RNA hos gene 5 (non- −2.820832 protein coding) A_23_P205164 NM_006237 POU4F1 POU class 4 homeobox 1 −2.8180525 A_32_P225472 XM_001125792 LOC727834 hypothetical LOC727834 −2.7696979 A_23_P371145 NM_138430 ADPRHL1 ADP-ribosylhydrolase like 1 −2.7319997 A_23_P161439 NM_006829 C10orf116 chromosome 10 open reading frame 116 −2.714516 A_24_P357847 BC030813 IGK@ immunoglobulin kappa locus −2.7117672 A_23_P397285 NM_017527 LY6K lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus K″ −2.7007713 A_24_P33982 NM_001085423 C17orf60 chromosome 17 open reading frame 60 −2.699036 A_23_P55682 NM_023926 ZSCAN18 zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 18 −2.692261 A_23_P150394 NM_022003 FXYD6 FXYD domain containing ion transport −2.6878983 regulator 6 A_23_P17663 NM_002462 MX1 myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1, −2.687721 interferon-inducible protein p78 (mouse)″ A_23_P142075 NM_001611 ACP5 acid phosphatase 5, tartrate resistant″ −2.673893 A_32_P449517 NM_001033515 LOC100132288 hypothetical protein LOC100132288 −2.663306 A_24_P324883 AK097143 FLJ39824 hypothetical LOC441173 −2.6557348 A_23_P127220 NM_021800 DNAJC12 DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily C, member −2.655188 12″ A_23_P501010 NM_000494 COL17A1 collagen, type XVII, alpha 1″ −2.6486354 A_23_P150768 NM_007256 SLCO2B1 solute carrier organic anion transporter −2.6455366 family, member 2B1″ A_32_P70315 NM_003256 TIMP4 TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 4 −2.6388437 A_23_P120125 NM_199235 COLEC11 collectin sub-family member 11 −2.5952846 A_23_P8640 NM_001039966 GPER G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 −2.576825 A_23_P115726 NM_194298 SLC16A9 solute carrier family 16, member 9 −2.5672209 (monocarboxylic acid transporter 9)″ A_24 P48204 NM_003004 SECTM1 secreted and transmembrane 1 −2.5662345 A_32 P107876 NM_025074 FRAS1 Fraser syndrome 1 −2.5492005 A_32 P148118 XM_001717196 LOC642424 similar to hCG1742442 −2.537786 A_23 P357101 NM_145298 APOBEC3F apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, −2.532397 catalytic polypeptide-like 3F″ A_23_P360754 NM_005099 ADAMTS4 ADAM metallopeptidase with thrombospondin −2.527619 type 1 motif, 4″ A_24_P196658 NM_005486 TOM1L1 target of myb1 (chicken)-like 1 −2.5056678 A_23_P38630 NM_001050 SSTR2 somatostatin receptor 2 −2.505605 A_23_P119886 NM_001486 GCKR glucokinase (hexokinase 4) regulator −2.4917698 A_23_P120931 NM_014508 APOBEC3C apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, −2.486985 catalytic polypeptide-like 3C A_23_P212050 NM_000055 BCHE butyrylcholinesterase −2.485476 A_24_P339858 NR_026547 C21orf90 chromosome 21 open reading frame 90 −2.4830492 A_23_P417261 NM_144715 EFHB EF-hand domain family, member B″ −2.4813671 A_24_P402242 NM_000090 COL3A1 collagen, type III, alpha 1″ −2.457087 A_24_P323148 NM_182573 LYPD5 LY6/PLAUR domain containing 5 −2.4320639 A_23_P60210 NM_006911 RLN1 relaxin 1 −2.4130411 A_23_P43095 NM_024721 ZFHX4 zinc finger homeobox 4 −2.4117598 A_23_P258612 NM_016529 ATP8A2 ATPase, aminophospholipid transporter- −2.400947 like, class I, type 8A, member 2″ A_23_P397293 NM_017527 LY6K lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus K″ −2.389667 A_23_P254816 NM_004609 TCF15 transcription factor 15 (basic helix-loop- −2.37409 helix) A_32_P225092 NM_019590 KIAA1217 KIAA1217 −2.3737608 A_24_P684186 NR_003955 LOC647121 embigin homolog (mouse) pseudogene −2.3651279 A_23_P133408 NM_000758 CSF2 colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte- −2.3637897 macrophage) A_32_P138348 NM_017527 LY6K lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus K″ −2.3624065 A_23_P155755 NM_002993 CXCL6 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6 −2.3263602 (granulocyte chemotactic protein 2) A_23_P71379 NM_005672 PSCA prostate stem cell antigen −2.320595 A_23_P101193 NM_001080467 MYO5B myosin VB −2.320276 A_23_P143713 NM_021822 APOBEC3G apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, −2.316103 catalytic polypeptide-like 3G″ A_23_P52323 NM_000494 COL17A1 collagen, type XVII, alpha 1″ −2.3158622 A_24_P40721 NM 018327 SPTLC3 serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain −2.3155127 base subunit 3 A_24_P142503 NM_018242 SLC47A1 solute carrier family 47, member 1″ −2.3143373 A_24_P81900 NM_006931 SLC2A3 solute carrier family 2 (facilitated −2.31389 glucose transporter), member 3″ A_23_P376704 NM_198289 CIDEA cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector a −2.3045821 A_24_P272146 BC067092 IGKC immunoglobulin kappa constant −2.3027578 A_23_P161563 NM 022337 RAB38 RAB38, member RAS oncogene family″ −2.2882872 A_23_P121657 NM_005114 HS3ST1 heparan sulfate (glucosamine) 3-O- −2.273005 sulfotransferase 1 A_23_P48217 NM_030817 APOLD1 apolipoprotein L domain containing 1 −2.27031 A_23_P86012 NM_001017402 LAMB3 laminin, beta 3″ −2.252338 A_23_P160968 NM_018891 LAMC2 laminin, gamma 2″ −2.2487942 A_23_P134734 NM_017786 GOLSYN Golgi-localized protein −2.2441505 A_23_P217901 NM_001126312 RP11- KAT protein −2.219194 544M22.4 A_23_P88819 NM_017458 MVP major vault protein −2.210613 A_23_P111126 L06175 HCP5 HLA complex P5 −2.203004 A_23_P160720 NM_018664 BATF3 basic leucine zipper transcription factor, −2.202483 ATF-like 3 A_24_P173754 NM_030806 C1orf21 chromosome 1 open reading frame 21 −2.202426 A_24_P388786 NM_001369 DNAH5 dynein, axonemal, heavy chain 5 −2.1940723 A_23_P407096 NM_152625 ZNF366 zinc finger protein 366 −2.1921406 A_23_P131935 NM_017671 FERMT1 fermitin family homolog 1 (Drosophila) −2.1760775 A_23_P381645 NM_001005463 EBF3 early B-cell factor 3 −2.1604936 A_23_P125705 NM_021963 NAP1L2 nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 2 −2.159929 A_23_P422350 NM_000260 MYO7A myosin VIIA −2.1547 A_23_P398476 NM_022658 HOXC8 homeobox C8 −2.1503644 A_23_P210581 NM_002237 KCNG1 potassium voltage-gated channel, subfamily −2.144751 G, member 1″ A_32_P206415 NM_001008781 FAT3 FAT tumor suppressor homolog 3 −2.1277075 (Drosophila) A_23_P149121 NM_004675 DIRAS3 DIRAS family, GTP-binding RAS-like 3 −2.125239 A_24_P944588 NM_033196 ZNF682 zinc finger protein 682 −2.1232018 A_23_P171132 NM_021783 EDA2R ectodysplasin A2 receptor −2.1180549 A_23_P104555 NM_020349 ANKRD2 ankyrin repeat domain 2 (stretch −2.112261 responsive muscle) A_23_P69206 NM_003043 SLC6A6 solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter −2.110186 transporter, taurine), member 6″ A_23_P145054 NM_001085480 FAM162B family with sequence similarity 162, −2.1101041 member B″ A_23_P40217 NM_018431 DOK5 docking protein 5 −2.109531 A_23_P139123 NM_000062 SERPING1 serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade G (C1 −2.098983 inhibitor), member 1″ A_24_P95059 NM_007155 ZP3 zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 (sperm −2.097852 receptor) A_23_P48438 NM_199162 ADPRHL1 ADP-ribosylhydrolase like 1 −2.097145 A_23_P94319 NM_014867 KBTBD11 kelch repeat and BTB (POZ) domain −2.087171 containing 11 A_23_P160214 NM_001080494 TTC39A tetratricopeptide repeat domain 39A −2.084316 A_24_P291231 NM_016831 PER3 period homolog 3 (Drosophila) −2.0800868 A_23_P101623 NM_022103 ZNF667 zinc finger protein 667 −2.0795908 A_23_P207221 NM_018242 SLC47A1 solute carrier family 47, member 1″ −2.0635317 A_24_P81789 NM_019034 RHOF ras homolog gene family, member F (in −2.055134 filopodia) A_23_P85952 NM_024901 DENND2D DENN/MADD domain containing 2D −2.0337004 A_23_P16953 NM_000867 HTR2B 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor −2.033488 2B A_23_P76538 NM_017899 TESC tescalcin −2.0306527 A_23_P381431 NM_030769 NPL N-acetylneuraminate pyruvate lyase −2.0289607 (dihydrodipicolinate synthase) A_23_P145024 NM_000024 ADRB2 adrenergic, beta-2-, receptor, surface″ −2.0257697 A_23_P169351 NM_003026 SH3GL2 SH3-domain GRB2-like 2 −2.0247844 A_23_P152047 NM_138967 SCAMP5 secretory carrier membrane protein 5 −2.023881 A_23_P388168 NM_002867 RAB3B RAB3B, member RAS oncogene family″ −2.0154913 A_23_P201497 NM_182663 RASSF5 Ras association (RalGDS/AF-6) domain −2.0139146 family member 5 A_24_P925342 AB209275 MAN1C1 mannosidase, alpha, class 1C, member 1 −2.004328 A_23_P130376 NM_022068 FAM38B family with sequence similarity 38, member −2.000109 B

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLE 4 Up-regulated genes in the microarray. Unique ID Target ID Gene Symbol Gene Name M Value Co-culture 6 days versus Mono-culture 6 days A_24_P940694 AK091400 5LC44A5 solute carrier family 44, member 5 2.0041642 A_24_P171141 AF_130049 LOC114227 hypothetical protein LOC114227 2.008274 A_23_P393401 NR_003610 PDXDC2 pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylase domain 2.0142204 containing 2 A_23_P80570 NM_001086 AADAC arylacetamide deacetylase 2.0229129 A_23_P81721 NM_004277 SLC25A27 solute carrier family 25, member 27″ 2.0271153 A_24_P419087 NM_006576 AVIL advillin 2.0292216 A_23_P360542 NR_023925 C18orf2 chromosome 18 open reading frame 2 2.037899 A_23_P346048 NR_002824 HERC2P2 hect domain and RLD 2 pseudogene 2 2.041409 A_23_P60811 NM_006252 PRKAA2 protein kinase, AMP-activated, alpha 2 2.0519602 catalytic subunit″ A_24_P222237 NR 002824 HERC2P2 hect domain and RLD 2 pseudogene 2 2.065124 A_23_P207493 NM_016424 CROP cisplatin resistance-associated 2.070006 overexpressed protein A_23_P110550 AB042555 PDE4DIP phosphodiesterase 4D interacting protein 2.0739637 A_23_P340308 NM_176888 TAS2R48 taste receptor, type 2, member 48 2.0754272 A_24_P60217 AK055730 SLC23A3 solute carrier family 23 (nucleobase 2.0777667 transporters), member 3″ A_24_P940725 AL080186 SFRS18 splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich 18 2.0808406 A_24_P98161 NM_194455 KRIT1 KRIT1, ankyrin repeat containing 2.0865297 A_23_P28246 NM_144712 SLC23A3 solute carrier family 23 (nucleobase 2.0946742 transporters), member 3″ A_23_P54447 BC069765 C15orf5 chromosome 15 open reading frame 5 2.0985755 A_24_P453855 AK126267 PNPLA7 patatin-like phospholipase domain 2.108414 containing 7 A_23_P169491 AK098200 LOC161527 hypothetical protein LOC161527 2.1091287 A_24_P341985 NM_031938 BCO2 beta-carotene oxygenase 2 2.1149247 A_23_P468289 AL162056 DOPEY1 dopey family member 1 2.1163766 A_24_P50368 NM_001001786 BLID BH3-like motif containing, cell death 2.1165517 inducer″ A_24_P928522 AK025142 DST dystonin 2.126594 A_23_P216872 BX647358 PDXDC2 pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylase domain 2.1297436 containing 2 A_23_P303851 NM_176886 TAS2R45 taste receptor, type 2, member 45 2.1319761 A_23_P211080 NR_002824 HERC2P2 hect domain and RLD 2 pseudogene 2 2.141752 A_23_P75071 NM_016195 KIF20B kinesin family member 20B 2.1492891 A_23_P354308 AK025204 ABI3BP ABI family, member 3 (NESH) binding 2.1495505 protein″ A_24_P8200 AB095943 SHPRH SNF2 histone linker PHD RING helicase 2.1648123 A_24_P93754 AB018323 JMJD2C jumonji domain containing 2C 2.166888 A_23_P257164 NM_000481 AMT aminomethyltransferase 2.169648 A_23_P139738 NR_002827 HERC2P4 hect domain and RLD 2 pseudogene 4 2.171488 A_24_P925158 D26122 SF1 splicing factor 1 2.1740255 A_23_P78385 BC094802 DPY19L2P2 dpy-19-like 2 pseudogene 2 (C. elegans) 2.1745228 A_23_P306511 BC022302 CMAH cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic 2.1938505 acid hydroxylase (CMP-N-acetylneuraminate monooxygenase) pseudogene A_23_P36865 NM_025114 CEP290 centrosomal protein 290 kDa 2.1972585 A_23_P48244 ENS100000358296 ZNF100 zinc finger protein 100 2.2173142 A_24_P932416 NM_001123228 TMEM14E transmembrane protein 14E 2.227468 A_23_P31681 AK074467 C8orf38 chromosome 8 open reading frame 38 2.2299826 A_23_P8961 NM_000880 IL7 interleukin 7 2.23187 A_23_P195850 NM_173812 DPY19L2 dpy-19-like 2 (C. elegans) 2.2422097 A_24_P910580 NM _181077 GOLGA8A golgi autoantigen, golgin subfamily a, 2.2559056 8A″ A_24_463973 AK123878 MEG3 maternally expressed 3 (non-protein 2.2698766 coding) A_23_P75559 AK303593 BST2 bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 2.272775 A_23_P253622 AK024934 ANKRD36B ankyrin repeat domain 36B 2.291946 A_23_P340312 NM_176888 TAS2R48 taste receptor, type 2, member 48 2.2991645 A_23_P115192 NM_031282 FCRL4 Fc receptor-like 4 2.3092101 A_24_P51067 NM_025114 CEP290 centrosomal protein 290 kDa 2.3149905 A_24_P265177 AK022791 PHC3 polyhomeotic homolog 3 (Drosophila) 2.3190363 A_23_P156373 XM_001715393 LOC100132218 hypothetical protein LOC100132218 2.3305676 A_23_P208733 AK055279 U1P23 UTP23, small subunit (SSU) processome 2.3333396 component, homolog (yeast)″ A_24_P114249 NM_004482 GALNT3 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D- 2.3560943 galactosamine:polypeptide N- acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3 (GalNAc-T3) A_23_P374250 NM_173812 DPY19L2 dpy-19-like 2 (C. elegans) 2.3676346 A_24_P687305 NR_024583 DKFZp434K191 POM121 membrane glycoprotein-like 1 2.3832968 1 pseudogene A_23_P426305 NM_003734 AOC3 amine oxidase, copper containing 3 2.4014171 (vascular adhesion protein 1)″ A_23_P331072 BX647210 LRRIQ3 leucine-rich repeats and IQ motif 2.4346236 containing 3 A_23_P125748 NM_032441 ZMAT1 zinc finger, matrin type 1″ 2.438655 A_23_P37623 NM_181077 GOLGA8A golgi autoantigen, golgin subfamily a, 2.445613 8A″ A_24_P128442 NM_152380 TBX15 T-box 15 2.4838432 A_23_P776863 NM_173649 C2orf61 chromosome 2 open reading frame 61 2.4990112 A_23_P52121 NM_002614 PDZK1 PDZ domain containing 1 2.5010229 A_23_P253524 NM_001813 CENPE centromere protein E, 312 kDa″ 2.541844 A_23_P385911 ENS100000396791 KIAA1712 KIAA1712 2.5994333 A_23_P124805 AK001243 VPS13C vacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog C (S. 2.6165174 cerevisiae) A_23_P122136 AK057596 LOC150759 hypothetical protein LOC150759 2.667798 A_24_P246841 NM_004277 SLC25A27 solute carrier family 25, member 27″ 2.7717525 A_23_P23611 NM_001008219 AMY1C amylase, alpha 1C (salivary) 2.7829946 A_23_P353614 NM_152765 C8orf46 chromosome 8 open reading frame 46 2.801072 A_24_P916797 AK000270 AKAP9 A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein (yotiao) 9 2.8275501 A_24_P303420 AK126092 LOC221442 hypothetical LOC221442 2.8380903 A_24_P391591 AK057596 LOC150759 hypothetical protein LOC150759 2.871928 A_24_P11100 NM_032441 ZMAT1 zinc finger, matrin type 1″ 2.8772666 A_23_P51587 NM_002924 RGS7 regulator of G-protein signaling 7 2.9475363 A_23_P414793 NM_000096 CP ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase) 2.9993575 A_24_P85258 NM_001080484 KIAA1751 KIAA1751 3.0383245 A_24_P344890 AK095605 AMY2B amylase, alpha 2B (pancreatic) 3.0388725 A_23_P302060 NM_176891 IFNE interferon, epsilon″ 3.0941112 A_24_P53595 NM_016592 GNAS GNAS complex locus 3.2041835 A_24_P310256 NM_139284 LGI4 leucine-rich repeat LGI family, member 4″ 3.3231205 A_24_P332081 AL832756 JAKMIP3 janus kinase and microtubule interacting 3.339777 protein 3 A_23_P203191 NM_000039 AP0A1 apolipoprotein A-I 3.3997842 A_24_P341000 AK092698 FLJ35379 similar to Alu subfamily J sequence 3.597919 contamination warning entry A_23_P9941 NM_007191 WIF1 WNT inhibitory factor 1 3.8778475 A_23_P197561 NM_024007 EBF1 early B-cell factor 1 4.4216269 Co-culture 6 days versus Co-culture 3 days A_24_P500584 NR_001564 XIST X (inactive)-specific transcript (non- 12.5931163 protein coding) A_23_P155786 NM_005420 SULT1E1 sulfotransferase family 1E, estrogen- 8.2046563 preferring, member 1″ A_23_P95790 NM_017625 ITLN1 intelectin 1 (galactofuranose binding) 8.0198263 A_23_P60130 NM_052886 MAL2 mal, T-cell differentiation protein 2″ 7.5120488 A_23_P179138 NM_001130683 GUCY1A3 guanylate cyclase 1, soluble, alpha 3″ 6.6513906 A_23_P350005 NM_173553 TRIML2 tripartite motif family-like 2 5.6112492 A_23_P43164 NM_015170 SULF1 sulfatase 1 5.589013 A_24_P213161 NM_017852 NLRP2 NLR family, pyrin domain containing 2″ 5.5529553 A_23_P129085 NM_145658 SPESP1 sperm equatorial segment protein 1 5.2953218 A_23_P69573 NM_000856 GUCY1A3 guanylate cyclase 1, soluble, alpha 3″ 5.2366296 A_24_P53778 NM_080878 ITLN2 intelectin 2 5.2284345 A_24_P75917 NM_182568 CCDC144B coiled-coil domain containing 144B 5.1691916 A_23_P154911 NM_175887 PRR15 proline rich 15 5.15205 A_23_P67847 NM_024572 GALNT14 UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D- 4.879263 galactosamine:polypeptide N- acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 14 (GalNAc- T14) A_24_P13041 NM_145307 RTKN2 rhotekin 2 4.6814901 A_23_P155688 NM_021114 SPINK2 serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 2 4.66596 (acrosin-trypsin inhibitor) A_24_P288915 AK093811 CCDC144B coiled-coil domain containing 144B 4.6400898 A_23_P371729 NM_005266 GJA5 gap junction protein, alpha 5, 40 kDa″ 4.6273297 A_23_P15450 NM_018286 TMEM100 transmembrane protein 100 4.5045573 A_23_P36531 NM_004616 TSPAN8 tetraspanin 8 4.4025021 A_23_P403445 NM_006569 CGREF1 cell growth regulator with EF-hand domain 1 4.239469 A_23_P56746 NM_004460 FAP fibroblast activation protein, alpha″ 4.1927154 A_24_P288890 NM_181709 FAM101A family with sequence similarity 101, member 4.065982 A A_23_P52410 NM_145307 RTKN2 rhotekin 2 4.0503195 A_23_P95029 NM_021021 SNTB1 syntrophin, beta 1 (dystrophin-associated 4.0177255 protein A1, 59 kDa, basic component 1)″ A_23_P406385 NM_153350 FBXL16 F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 16 4.0115285 A_23_P105144 NM_020974 SCUBE2 signal peptide, CUB domain, EGF-like 2 4.007575 A_23_P200697 NM_181709 FAM101A family with sequence similarity 101, member 3.966588 A A_23_P215459 NM_000501 ELN elastin 3.9293356 A_23_P58676 NM_024563 C5orf23 chromosome 5 open reading frame 23 3.8902445 A_23_P217917 NM_147148 GSTM4 glutathione S-transferase mu 4 3.8893845 A_23_P181077 NM_203447 DOCK8 dedicator of cytokinesis 8 3.8843326 A_23_P257649 NM_002899 RBP1 retinol binding protein 1, cellular″ 3.8630243 A_23_P253536 NM_000908 NPR3 natriuretic peptide receptor C/guanylate 3.7955647 cyclase C (atrionatriuretic peptide receptor C) A_23_P69497 NM_003278 CLEC3B C-type lectin domain family 3, member B″ 3.7919 A_23_P327451 NM_000908 NPR3 natriuretic peptide receptor C/guanylate 3.7844863 cyclase C (atrionatriuretic peptide receptor C) A_23_P421401 NM_002609 PDGFRB platelet-derived growth factor receptor, 3.7825935 beta polypeptide″ A_23_P19369 NM_017640 LRRC16A leucine rich repeat containing 16A 3.7317835 A_24_P164505 BC098294 FAM106A family with sequence similarity 106, member 3.7136457 A″ A_24_P639679 AK095831 SNORD123 small nucleolar RNA, C/D box 123″ 3.660561 A_24_P369232 NM_031455 CCDC3 coiled-coil domain containing 3 3.6385524 A_23_P69738 NM_023940 RASL11B RAS-like, family 11, member B 3.5668816 A_24_P738168 ENS100000329798 FREM3 FRAS1 related extracellular matrix 3 3.5534517 A_23_P31273 NM_001635 AMPH amphiphysin 3.5149605 A_23_ P132956 NM_004181 UCHL1 ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1 3.496619 (ubiquitin thiolesterase) A_23_P93737 NM_004411 DYNC1I1 dynein, cytoplasmic 1, intermediate chain 3.4706085 1″ A_23_P121926 NM_005410 SEPP1 selenoprotein P, plasma, 1″ 3.439935 A_23_P63736 BC007394 MGC16291 hypothetical protein MGC16291 3.4054182 A_23_P144911 NM_152403 EGFLAM EGF-like, fibronectin type III and laminin 3.3878002 G domains A_23_P37727 NM_002996 CX3CL1 chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1 3.38521 A_23_ P49391 NM_016212 TP531G3 TP53 target 3 3.3187182 A_23_P79251 NM_014600 EHD3 EH-domain containing 3 3.2961135 A_23_P386030 AF028828 SNTB1 syntrophin, beta 1 (dystrophin-associated 3.2353347 protein A1, 59 kDa, basic component 1)″ A_23_P83098 NM_000689 ALDH1A1 aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1″ 3.212209 A_23_P61967 NM_014469 RBMXL2 RNA binding motif protein, X-linked-like 2″ 3.1963621 A_23_P47579 NM_176822 NLRP14 NLR family, pyrin domain containing 14 3.1881834 A_24_P212021 NM_000851 GSTM5 glutathione S-transferase mu 5 3.18169 A_23_P83134 NM_002048 GAS1 growth arrest-specific 1 3.1669307 A_23_P79272 NM_001003683 PDE1A phosphodiesterase 1A, calmodulin-dependent″ 3.161868 A_23_P66827 AK021862 FAM106A family with sequence similarity 106, member 3.1335342 A A_24_P118196 NM_001080393 GLT8D4 glycosyltransferase 8 domain containing 4 3.1078747 A_23_P92983 NM_017614 BHMT2 betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase 2 3.1073714 A_23_P191840 XM_933903 LOC644662 similar to hCG2042541 3.0930806 A_23_P16007 NM_207355 POTEB POTE ankyrin domain family, member B″ 3.0563867 A_23_P60065 NM_004101 F2RL2 coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor- 3.017839 like 2 A_23_P144718 NM_004101 F2RL2 coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor- 2.988743 like 2 A_23_P407497 NM_013959 NRG1 neuregulin 1 2.971679 A_24_P270728 NM_001042483 NUPR1 nuclear protein 1 2.9712219 A_23_P33326 NM_000679 ADRA1B adrenergic, alpha-1B-, receptor″ 2.9130255 A_23_P207003 NM_004574 38231 septin 4 2.9109967 A_23_P420348 NM_174981 POTED POTE ankyrin domain family, member D″ 2.9017281 A_23_P167030 NM_000316 PTH1R parathyroid hormone 1 receptor 2.8829803 A_23_P54144 NM_001202 BMP4 bone morphogenetic protein 4 2.87191 A_23_P151805 NM_006329 FBLN5 fibulin 5 2.868258 A_23_P471485 BC025765 RTKN2 rhotekin 2 2.8634051 A_23_P333029 NM_173549 C8orf47 chromosome 8 open reading frame 47 2.8633264 A_23_P26890 NM_024302 MMP28 matrix metallopeptidase 28 2.8536377 A_23_P56328 NM_031310 PLVAP plasmalemma vesicle associated protein 2.840474 A_23_P109214 NM_001004306 MGC87631 similar to hypothetical protein FLJ36492 2.833538 A_23_P113351 NM_004684 SPARCL1 SPARC-like 1 (hevin) 2.8273755 A_23_P155596 NM_001002294 FMO3 flavin containing monooxygenase 3 2.8262236 A_23_P114883 NM_002023 FMOD fibromodulin 2.8169279 A_24_P220485 NM_182487 OLFML2A olfactomedin-like 2A 2.8071563 A_24_P943588 AF201385 TXNRD2 thioredoxin reductase 2 2.7889967 A_24_P246196 NM_214675 CLEC4M C-type lectin domain family 4, member M″ 2.7829864 A_23_P302672 NM_145244 DDIT4L DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4-like 2.780097 A_23_P75769 NM_024021 MS4A4A membrane-spanning 4-domains, subfamily A, 2.7788735 member 4 A_23_P64785 NM_152320 ZNF641 zinc finger protein 641 2.771647 A_24_P292849 AL137382 LOC146429 hypothetical protein LOC146429 2.7697638 A_23_P50066 NM_001039580 MAP9 microtubule-associated protein 9 2.764735 A_23_P144916 NM_005110 GFPT2 glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2.745744 2 A_23_P422831 NM_004816 C9orf61 chromosome 9 open reading frame 61 2.739364 A_23_P428080 AB020701 KIAA0894 KIAA0894 protein 2.7391762 A_23_P302568 NM_003459 SLC30A3 solute carrier family 30 (zinc 2.7326405 transporter), member 3 A_23_P214168 NM_004370 COL12A1 collagen, type XII, alpha 1″ 2.724168 A_23_P122924 NM_002192 INHBA inhibin, beta A″ 2.7137955 A_23_P29124 NM_002688 38596 septin 5 2.713282 A_23_P360534 NR_023925 C18orf2 chromosome 18 open reading frame 2 2.7031812 A_23_P214803 NM_014841 SNAP91 synaptosomal-associated protein, 91 kDa 2.7022004 homolog (mouse) A_23_P32413 NM_015559 SETBP1 SET binding protein 1 2.695718 A_24_P291814 NM_004370 COL12A1 collagen, type XII, alpha 1″ 2.6940175 A_24_P208436 NM_001003683 PDE1A phosphodiesterase 1A, calmodulin-dependent 2.6746507 A_23_P51587 NM_002924 RGS7 regulator of G-protein signaling 7 2.6739832 A_23_P414793 NM_000096 CP ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase) 2.6516814 A_23_P110473 NM_004536 NAIP NLR family, apoptosis inhibitory protein″ 2.6419156 A_23_P138655 NM 057157 CYP26A1 cytochrome P450, family 26, subfamily A, 2.641847 polypeptide 1″ A_23_P215744 NM_033427 CTTNBP2 cortactin binding protein 2 2.6312279 A_24_P712271 NM_207328 LOC150763 hypothetical protein LOC150763 2.6251041 A_24_P221414 NM_004411 DYNC1I1 dynein, cytoplasmic 1, intermediate chain 2.6146931 1″ A_23_P372974 NM_152402 TRAM1L1 translocation associated membrane protein 2.6134994 1-like 1 A_24_P222237 NR_002824 HERC2P2 hect domain and RLD 2 pseudogene 2 2.599507 A_23_P116642 NM_133489 SLC26A10 solute carrier family 26, member 10″ 2.5993607 A_23_P87879 NM_001781 CD69 CD69 molecule 2.5931544 A_23_P4551 NM_015559 SETBP1 SET binding protein 1 2.592962 A_23_P8820 NM_001442 FABP4 fatty acid binding protein 4, adipocyte″ 2.589049 A_23_P211080 NR_002824 HERC2P2 hect domain and RLD 2 pseudogene 2 2.584551 A_23_P371495 NM_175861 TMTC1 transmembrane and tetratricopeptide repeat 2.5771015 containing 1 A_24_P218805 NM_017409 HOXC10 homeobox C10 2.5694865 A_23_P121564 NM_000857 GUCY1B3 guanylate cyclase 1, soluble, beta 3 2.558513 A_23_P126075 NM_002245 KCNK1 potassium channel, subfamily K, member 1″ 2.5456856 A_24_P356916 NM_001011554 SLC13A3 solute carrier family 13 (sodium-dependent 2.5359893 dicarboxylate transporter), member 3″ A_24_P53465 NM_214675 CLEC4M C-type lectin domain family 4, member M″ 2.5326324 A_23_P152305 NM 001797 CDH11 cadherin 11, type 2, OB-cadherin 2.519575 (osteoblast)″ A_24_P184803 NM_004086 COCH coagulation factor C homolog, cochlin 2.5007844 (Limulus polyphemus)″ A_23_P34444 NM_025135 FHOD3 formin homology 2 domain containing 3 2.5001057 A_23_P357571 NM_000854 GSTT2 glutathione 5-transferase theta 2 2.490856 A_23_P346048 NR_002824 HERC2P2 hect domain and RLD 2 pseudogene 2 2.479499 A_23_P346093 NM_152468 TMC8 transmembrane channel-like 8 2.4763698 A_23_P166797 NM 022147 RTP4 receptor (chemosensory) transporter protein 2.4744943 4 A_23_P419696 NM_144586 LYPD1 LY6/PLAUR domain containing 1 2.4715535 A_23_P204286 NM_000900 MGP matrix G1a protein 2.468325 A_23_P139738 NR_002827 HERC2P4 hect domain and RLD 2 pseudogene 4 2.457105 A_23_P106933 NM 052956 ACSM1 acyl-CoA synthetase medium-chain family 2.4475286 member 1 A_23_P904 NM_024603 BEND5 BEN domain containing 5 2.4432084 A_23_P115161 NM_002036 DARC Duffy blood group, chemokine receptor″ 2.4372559 A_23_P27013 NM_024017 HOXB9 homeobox B9 2.4330936 A_23_P142239 AK027130 LOC541469 hypothetical protein LOC541469 2.4050138 A_24_P221327 BC020847 LOC644246 hypothetical protein LOC644246 2.395498 A_23_P28334 NM_003853 IL18RAP interleukin 18 receptor accessory protein 2.333673 A_23_P259442 NM_001873 CPE carboxypeptidase E 2.330546 A_23_P302634 BC101016 C12orf64 chromosome 12 open reading frame 64 2.3142719 A_23_P50697 NM_006905 PSG1 pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 1 2.3101452 A_24_P579826 BC071681 ARL17 ADP-ribosylation factor-like 17 2.3073995 A_23_P258769 NM_002121 HLA-DPB1 major histocompatibility complex, class II, 2.3068786 DP beta 1″ A_23_P52761 NM_002423 MMP7 matrix metallopeptidase 7 (matrilysin, 2.3065215 uterine)″ A_23_P257993 NM_004944 DNASE1L3 deoxyribonuclease I-like 3 2.304541 A_23_P34126 NM_001711 BGN biglycan 2.295382 A_23_P19020 NM_005460 SNCAIP synuclein, alpha interacting protein″ 2.294381 A_24_P331830 NM_015209 RP1- kazrin 2.286087 21018.1 A_23_P337346 AK056484 hCG_2009921 hypothetical locus LOC441204 2.2788632 A_23_P13094 NM_002425 MMP10 matrix metallopeptidase 10 (stromelysin 2) 2.2774393 A_23_P6818 NM_020163 SEMA3G sema domain, immunoglobulin domain (Ig), 2.2771295 short basic domain, secreted, (semaphorin) 3G A_24_P128442 NM_152380 TBX15 T-box 15 2.2662993 A_24_P246406 NM_001006605 FAM69A family with sequence similarity 69, member 2.2629583 A″ A_23_P356494 NM_006846 SPINK5 serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 5″ 2.2532257 A_24_P64401 BC007394 MGC16291 hypothetical protein MGC16291 2.2515278 A_24_P940694 AK091400 SLC44A5 solute carrier family 44, member 5 2.250309 A_23_P206920 NM_001040114 MYH11 myosin, heavy chain 11, smooth muscle 2.2377084 A_23_P16252 NM_002257 KLK1 kallikrein 1 2.2310541 A_24_P231829 NM_017614 BHMT2 betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase 2 2.2256352 A_24_P59799 NM_024781 CCDC102B coiled-coil domain containing 102B 2.2234418 A_23_P109427 NM_000854 GSTT2 glutathione S-transferase theta 2 2.21082 A_24_P245589 NM_031310 PLVAP plasmalemma vesicle associated protein 2.2015346 A_23_P256033 NM_001958 EEF1A2 eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 2.1877389 alpha 2 A_23_P357207 NM_138409 MRAP2 melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein 2 2.182037 A_23_P2452 NM_175861 TMTC1 transmembrane and tetratricopeptide repeat 2.174506 containing 1 A_23_P30075 NM_006095 ATP8A1 ATPase, aminophospholipid transporter 2.1730165 (APLT), class I, type 8A, member 1″ A_23_P423074 NM_015566 FAM169A family with sequence similarity 169, member 2.1701266 A″ A_24_P208595 NM_053034 ANTXR1 anthrax toxin receptor 1 2.1540107 A_24_P273799 ENST00000301042 ZNF641 zinc finger protein 641 2.14752 A_23_P370027 AK124788 GGT7 gamma-glutamyltransferase 7 2.1393684 A_24_P231010 NM_018995 MOV10L1 Mov1011, Moloney leukemia virus 10-like 1, 2.1283951 homolog (mouse)″ A_23_P204847 NM_002298 LCP1 lymphocyte cytosolic protein 1 (L-plastin) 2.1257206 A_23_P116898 NM_000014 A2M alpha-2-macroglobulin 2.124616 A_23_P24122 NM_015894 STMN3 stathmin-like 3 2.118763 A_24_P192485 NM_002546 TNFRSF11B tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, 2.103257 member 11b″ A_23_P39202 NM_033520 C19orf33 chromosome 19 open reading frame 33 2.0971413 A_24_P396662 NM_147148 GSTM4 glutathione S-transferase mu 4 2.093116 A_23_P122906 NM_015570 AUTS2 autism susceptibility candidate 2 2.0852408 A_23_P217319 NM_004114 FGF13 fibroblast growth factor 13 2.0801625 A_24_P380734 NM_002998 SDC2 syndecan 2 2.077774 A_24_P363408 NM_012259 HEY2 hairy/enhancer-of-split related with YRPW 2.0719206 motif 2 A_23_P44794 NM_138453 RAB3C RAB3C, member RAS oncogene family″ 2.0644617 A_23_P305198 NM_003151 STAT4 signal transducer and activator of 2.0440189 transcription 4 A_23_P203957 NM_175861 TMTC1 transmembrane and tetratricopeptide repeat 2.039811 containing 1 A_23_P27795 NM_021102 SPINT2 serine peptidase inhibitor, Kunitz type, 2″ 2.037252 A_23_P372308 NM_020211 RGMA RGM domain family, member A″ 2.034106 A_23_P216566 NM_001009994 C6orf159 chromosome 6 open reading frame 159 2.0275353 A_24_P246573 NM_015209 RP1-21018.1 kazrin 2.0188723 A_23_P349321 NM_022166 XYLT1 xylosyltransferase I 2.0100237 A_24_P920525 AK022468 SORBS1 sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1 2.007313

REFERENCES

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1-21. (canceled)
 22. A method for producing human brain-like endothelial cells comprising: a. contacting a population of cells isolated from stem cells with a differentiation medium to obtain endothelial cells; and b. co-culturing the endothelial cells with pericytes, with cells of a neurovascular unit, with a pericytes conditioned medium, or with a cell line that secretes Wnt3a or Wnt7a; to obtain brain like endothelial cells; wherein the pericytes express a marker selected from the group consisting of: vimentin, PDGF-beta, NG-2, alpha-SMA, P-gp, gamma-GT and a combination thereof.
 23. The method of claim 22 wherein the population of endothelial cells is co-cultured with pericytes for at least 3 days.
 24. The method of claim 22 wherein the population of endothelial cells is co-cultured with the cell line that secretes Wnt3a for at least 1 day.
 25. The method of claim 22, wherein the stem cells are isolated from cord blood or peripheral blood.
 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the stem cells are CD34+.
 27. The method of claim 22, wherein the differentiation medium is EGM-2 medium with 20% (v/v) FBS and 50 ng/mL of VEGF165.
 28. The method of claim 23, wherein the population of endothelial cells is co-cultured with pericytes for about 4 days to about 6 days.
 29. The method of claim 23, further comprising seeding the pericytes at a density of from about 40×103 to about 50×103 cells. 